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毕业论文
prynne----resurrection
athesis
submittedtothedepartmentofenglish
of--------------------university
inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements
forthedegreeof
bachelorofarts
by
----------------------------
class:3grade:2002
supervisedby
---------------------------
june2006
contents
chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne…………………………………...p1
chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter…………………………..p2
chapterthree:hesterprynne’sresurrection---fromsufferingandredemptiontosalvation
……………………………………………………………………………...p5
conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p10
references…………………………………………………………………………..p11
hesterprynne---resurrection
abstract:thescarletlettermakestheamericanwriternathanielhawthorneknownallaround
theworld.hawthorneisapiouschristian,andisdeeplyinfluencedbythetheology.he’s
somuchindulgedinthereligiousdoctrinethatpeoplecanfindthereflectionofthegod
almosteverywhereinhisworks.afterreadingthescarletletter,oneismostlyimpressedby
thespiritofthebiblethestorydepicted.thebookchieflydiscussessinandhowtoatone
forit.hesterprynneistheheroineofthefiction.thispaperresearchesherfateto
illustratetheinfluenceofthebibletohawthorne.hesterprynnecommitsadulteryandis
forcedtowearascarletletter“a”onherbreast.atthebeginning,sheencountersall
kindsofsufferings,bothfromthesocietyandfromherownsoul.however,sherealizesher
sinandtriesherbesttoatoneforit.andshedosenotchoosetoavoidherfault.finally,
throughherendeavor,godforgivesher.inshort,sinandatoningforsin,thatisthe
purposeofthispaper.
keywords:thescarletletter.,hesterprynne,thebible,sinandatonement.
摘要：《红字》使美国作家纳撒尼尔霍桑誉满全球。霍桑是一个虔诚的基督徒，并深受神学的影响。他是
如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中，人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》，给人印象
最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女
主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪，并被迫在胸口上
带一个大写的红色字母“a”。一开始，她遭遇了各种各样的磨难，既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神
上的。然而，她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪，并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后，通过她的
努力，神原谅了她。简言之，本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。
关键字：《红字》，海丝特白兰，《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。
chapterone:biographyofnathanielhawthorne
withthepublicationofthescarletletterin1850,nathanielhawthornebecameoneofthe
greatestwriteratthattimeandbuilthisreputationasamajoramericanauthor.sincethat
timeon,peoplebegantotakegreatinterestinallaspectsofhislifeandagreatmany
biographicalandcriticalstudieshadbeenwrittenabouthimandhisworks.heisalso
becomingmoreandmorepopularandfamiliarwithchinesereaders.sincethechinese
translationofthescarletappearedin1950s,scholarsandreadersinthiscountryhave
shownanever-increasinginterestinhisworks.
hawthornewasbornonthefourthofjuly,1804insalem,massachusetts.someofhis
ancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centurynewengland,whichwasunderthecontrolof
puritanism.oneofthemwasacolonialmagistrate,notoriousforhisparticipationinthe
persecutionofquakers,andanotherwasajudgeatthesalemwitchcrafttrailin1692.
gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.hawthorne’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedin
anaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.young
hawthornewasquiteawareofthemisdeedsofhispuritanancestors,andthisawarenessmade
himbelievethatevilwasatthecoreofhumanlife.tosomeextent,hawthornewrotesomeof
hisbooks,suchasthescarletletterandthehouseofthesevengamblestotrytomakeup
forthesinofhisancestors.
hawthorne’swritingskillscanbeconcludedasfollows:
firstly,allhislife,hawthorneseemstobeindulgedinhissenseofsinandevilinlife.
readinghisbooks,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbytheblackvisionwhichthesebooks
reveal.evilexistsinthehumanheartallthetime.forinstance,intheshortstory,“
earth’sholocaust,”wecanfindthat,thoughallsymbolsoftraditionandthepasthave
beenburnedinthebonfireofthelifeofthenewworld,thesourceofevil---thehuman
heart,remainsintact.everyonepossessessomeevilsecretastaleslike“younggoodman
brown”setouttoprove.everyonetriestocoverupitsinnermostevilinthewaythe
ministerdimmesdaleinthescarletlettertriestopretendhowpureandpiousheis.evil
seemstobeman’sbirthmark.thispointofviewisjustaswhatthebibledescribespeople
’soriginalsin.
secondly,tohawthorne,sinwillsurelygetpunished,onewayoranother.asamatterof
fact,hewassaidtobealwaystroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamily’s
fortunehadsomethingtodowiththesinsofhispuritanancestors.hawthornedeeply
believesthat“thewrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones”(thehouse
ofthesevengambles).itisalsointerestingtonotethathawthornebelievesthatevil
educates.whathawthorneseemstoproveisthatmancangetexperiencefromthecrimewhich
bringsaboutthedisaster.
inshort,totellthetruthandyetnottooffend,thatisallhawthornetriestoachievein
hisworks.
“
chaptertwdepravity---theoriginofthescarletletter
thestorybeginsinseventeenth-centuryboston,whichisunderpuritancommand.ayoung
woman,namedhesterprynne,issentaheadtoamericabyherhusband---anoldandugly
scholar.however,formanyyears,hedoesn’tarrive.obviously,itispossiblethathehas
beenlostinthesea.whilewaitingforherhusband,hesterandayounglocalminister
calledarthurdimmesdalefallinlovewitheachother.theycommitadulterysecretly.
becauseofhester’spregnancy,thesecretisfinallydiscovered.
accordingtothebible,everyoneissinful.thatistheopinionoftheoriginalsin:when
godcreatestheworld,hefirstcreatesamancalledadamandthenawomancalledeve.they
livehappilyinthegardenofeden.godtellsthemthattheycaneateverykindoffruitin
thegardenexceptthoseonthetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevil.instigatedbythe
serpent,thetwocannotcontroltheircuriosityandviolatesgod’sorderandeatthe
fruitsfromthatparticulartree.thatenragesgod.fromthattimeon,theybecomesinful
andareexpelledfromthegardenofeden.however,sindoesn’tstop.itispassedfrom
generationtogenerationbyreproductionofadamandeve.allsuccessivegenerationsare
theirdescendantsandthereforeinherittheirsin.soatthetimeoneisborn,he/shebears
evilandhastherootofcommittingcrime.
accordingtotheprincipleoftheoriginalsin,hesterprynneisnotanexception.sheis
alsotheoffspringofadamandeve.theinsideofherflowstheirbloodsandsheofcourse
inheritstheiroriginalsin.thussheisasinnerfromthebeginningofherlife.
arethereanyotherstandardstojudgewhetherapersonissinful?theanswerispositive.
thecriterionshouldnotbethecommoncustom.instead,itshouldbethegod’sstandard.
becauseaccordingtothecommoncustom,itisverydifficulttojudgesometimes.everybody
isamixtureofvirtueandevilandtheemphasisofeveryone’sselfishdesireisquite
different.somecravenlyfeardeath,someclingtowoman’scharms,someseekonlyprofits
andsomehankerafterreputation.somearefrankandhonestandothersslyandcunning.
thereforeitishardtodecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong.furthermore,thecommoncustom
isrelativeandchanging.forexample,twentyyearsago,tocommitadulterywasenoughto
ruinaperson’sfame.however,intoday’ssociety,cohabitationbeforemarriageis
universal.besides,althoughsomepeopledisplayhighermoralstandardsthanothers,they
stillcan’tgetridofselfishnessandavoidcommittingcrime.ifweadoptsthecriterion
ofthecommoncustom,althoughweknowthatwearenotinnocent,wewillcomfortourselves
thatwemaybeworsethansomepeople,butstillbetterthanothers.
thuswecanonlyusegod’scriteriatodecidewhetherornotapersonissinful.god’s
criteriaarethetencommandmentsandthesevendeadlysins.
thetencommandments:
iamthelordyourgod,whobroughtyououtofegypt,outofslavery.youshallhaveno
othergodsbeforeme.
youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidolintheformofanythinginheavenaboveoronthe
earthbeneathorinthewatersbelow.
youshallnotbowdowntothemorworshipthem;fori,thelordyourgod,amajealousgod,
punishingthechildrenforthesinofthefatherstothethirdandfourthgenerationof
thosewhohateme,butshowinglovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovemeandkeep
mycommandments.
youshallnotmisusethenameofthelordyourgod,forthelordwillnotholdanyone
guiltlesswhomisuseshisname.
rememberthesabbathdaybykeepingitholy.
sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisasabbathtothelord
yourgod.onityoushallnotdoanywork,neitheryou,noryoursonordaughter,noryour
manservantormaidservant,noryouranimals,northealienwithinyourgates.
forinsixdaysthelordmadetheheavensandtheearth,thesea,andallthatisinthem,
butherestedontheseventhday.thereforethelordblessedthesabbathdayandmadeit
holy.
honouryourfatherandyourmother,sothatyoumaylivelonginthelandthelordyourgod
isgivingyou.
youshallnotmurder.
youshallnotcommitadultery.
youshallnotsteal.
youshallnotgivefalsetestimonyagainstyourneighbour.
youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''shouse.youshallnotcovetyourneighbour''''swife,or
hismanservantormaidservant,hisoxordonkey,oranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbour.
(exodus2,14)
thesevendeadlysins:a)pride;b)lechery;c)envy;d)wrath;e)sloth;f)glutton
obviously,accordingtothesecriteria,hesterprynneisquitesinful.sheissinfulbecause
shedisobeysgodbycommittingadultery.whenchillingworth---hesterprynne’shusband
senthertothenewworld,althoughtherewasnoloveatallbetweenthecouple,sheshouldn
’tforgetthatshehadalreadygotmarried.shehadahusband,whowasjustmissingatthat
time.however,shecouldnotcontrolherviciousdesireandhadaloveaffairwiththe
minister---dimmesdale.that’snotforgivableaccordingtocatholicism.that’sinsultto
god.that’sbetrayal!insuchasituation,hesterprynneforgotgod’sinstructionandwas
completelydegenerated.sheisablasphemetogod.
sofromtheverydayofhercrime,hesterprynnehastobearallthesufferingsthatfollow.
everysinmustbepunished.allourbehaviorsanddeedscan’tpassawayeasily.ourwrong-
doingsarehatefulinthattheynotonlydepraveourselves,butalsooffenseothersand
especiallygod.hester’sbehaviorisdisgracefulandsheislookeddownuponbyothers.
furthermore,heradulteryaffrontsgod.godisjustandfair.godwillnotforgiveyour
faultcaraccordingtotomwaltson,thenatureofsinisevil:
firstly,sinfoulspeople;sinisnotonlyaflaw,butalsoacontamination.sintosoulis
thesameasrusttogold.itisjustlikeablemishonabeautifulthing.thebiblecompares
sinwith“plague”(1king,8,38).sinfoulsgod’simageandstainthepureofsoul.it
makesgod“grewwearyof”thesinners(zechariah,8,11);andwhen“youwillrememberyour
conductandalltheactionsbywhichyouhavedefiledyourselves,andyouwillloathe
yourselvesforalltheevilyouhavedone”(ezekiel,20,43).apostlepaulsaidin2
corinthian,7,1that“everything…contaminatesbodyandspirit”.
secondly,sinmakesgodworry.“donotgrievetheholyspiritofgod”(ephesians,4,30).
sinisdeliberatelyanafflictiontogod.goddoesn’tlikesinbecausesinmakesgodbe
insulted.sotoworrygodisabigcrime.
thirdly,siniscontrarytogod.asinnertrendsongod’sprincipleandviolatesgod’s
decree.
fourthly,sinbringsevil.sinislikethetrojanhorse(thegreekssiegedtroyformany
yearswithoutresult.oneday,theygotanidea.theypretendedtoretreat,leavingahuge
woodenhorse,inwhichanumberofgreekheroeshadhiddenthemselves.thetrojans,whowere
toohappytoreflectonthesituation,broughtthehorseinsidethecityasawartrophy.in
thefollowingnight,thegreekscameoutandattackedtheunsuspectingandcelebrating
trojans,andfinallyconqueredtroy),whichhasacommonoutlookandterriblethingsinside.
lastly,sinnerswhodon’trepentwilldieout.unrepentantsinbringsabout“thesecond
death”(revelation20,14)
(《xitongshenxue》
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