前言:想要写出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章吗?我们特意为您整理了5篇六级写作范文,相信会为您的写作带来帮助,发现更多的写作思路和灵感。
考试趋势:“反押题”越来越令人难以捉摸
六级作文从早期的“中文提纲”作文变成了后来的“引言”论述作文,以及高频的“图画”论述作文,接着2016年6月又考查了相对开放的“主题论述式”作文――未来机器人的世界/虚拟网络世界/在线教育会怎么样影响我们的学习、工作和生活。很多老师预测,2016年12月应该会回归成“引言或图画”作文,结果却又是一个相对开放的“主题论述”式作文。从这个趋势上来看,考生们一定要明白,以后备考再也不能简简单单背个特定类型作文的框架和套路就去考试了,一定需要转变备考思路和策略。
写作只靠考场上的发挥对于大多数考生来说都是“自杀式”备考。考生肯定要准备,更直接地说,肯定要背一些东西。那么背什么呢?记得在去年6月份的写作真题解析(编者注:具体可参见本刊2016年9月号《2016年6月英语六级写作真题解析》)当中,笔者说得很明白:要背不同的“功能句”,在考场上结合话题看看自己要用上哪些功能句,然后灵活地组合。以这次考试为例,考生可以用上 “原因和影响”功能句,具体分析如下。
具体而言,为什么“创新/创造/发明”这么重要呢?是因为社会快速发展(the rapid development of modern society)、科学技术日新月异(science and technology changes with each passing day)、各行各业竞争日趋激烈(competition in every walk of life is getting increasingly fierce)、中国正在推动经济转型和升级(China is on its way to promoting economic transformation and upgrade)……在这些背景下,“创新/创造/发明”能更好地推动个人以及社会的发展。
同时,“创新/创造/发明”有什么样的意义?这也就是要谈它们的影响是什么。影响可以包括:①帮助人们摆脱惯性思考,拥有更多可能性(help people think out of the box and be open to more possibilities);②充分l挥人们的潜力和才能(put our potential and abilities into full play);③推动国家经济、科技、文化等方面的发展(promote China’s economic, scientific, technological and cultural development)。
但是写到这里,考生有没有发现,上述论述还是流于“表面”,这些重要性似乎还是缺了点说服力,比较空泛。这时考生应该怎么办呢?相信不少考生已经猜到了:写文章不仅要“讲道理”,也要“摆事实”嘛!所以此时缺的就是“创新/创造/发明”的例子。那么可以举哪些例子呢?这可就多了:远有“爱迪生”,稍近一点有“乔布斯和苹果公司”,再近一点就是“屠呦呦”了!
下面加个例子,看看作文是不是一下就有充分的内容和说服力了:
For instance, without innovative methods which combine traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine, Youyou Tu could not have obtained the pure substance Qinghaosu and won the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Without a pioneering spirit, Apple could not have beaten its biggest rival, Microsoft, and continue to present its amazing digital products to the world.
比如,如果没有把中医和西医结合起来这个开创性的方法,屠呦呦就不会得到青蒿素这种提纯物,不会因此而赢得诺贝尔医学奖;如果没有开拓精神,苹果就不能击败微软这个最大的竞争对手并且持续地向世人展示其令人叹为观止的数码产品。
写作“套路”被鄙视的年代,“真诚”的方法之一就是给“实例”
从以上的分析可以看出,写作举例所达成的效果是事半功倍的。但是考生的问题又来了:“考场上那么短的时间,我怎么能想到并写出高质量的例子呢?”这就需要考生平时积累一些“万能”的例子。笔者简单给大家罗列几个,基础薄弱的考生可以直接用,基础好的同学可以借鉴写作思路,然后自己总结相关的举例素材。
1. Madame Curie who conducted pioneering (开创的) research on radioactivity and became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was known for her xxx (这里写名词形式的主题词,如:courage and confidence/dedication and commitment), without which she, as a woman, could never have overcome the barriers that were placed in her way to attain great scientific achievements.
对放射性进行开创性研究且作为第一位女性获得诺贝尔奖的居里夫人以(勇气与信心/敬业奉献)闻名。没有xxx (主题词),她作为一位女性就不能克服在她通向伟大科学成就路上的各种障碍。
2. Youyou Tu, and her colleagues experimented with 380 extracts in 2,000 candidate recipes (配方) before they finally succeeded in obtaining the pure substance Qinghaosu. I believe it was xxx (这里写个人品质有关的名词,如 perseverance and confidence) that made her become the first Chinese Nobel winner in medicine.
屠呦呦和她的同事在最终获得提纯物――青蒿素之前,在2000种候选的配方中实验了380种提取物。我相信是xxx (主题词)使得她成为中国第一位获得诺贝尔医学奖的人。
3. The crowning of the Chinese women’s volleyball team in Rio, 32 years after the historic Olympic victory in Los Angeles in 1984, is a vivid portrayal of the fighting spirit of the Chinese women’s volleyball team: to march on with unyieldingness, teamwork and selflessness (这里可以换成其他主题词).
在1984年洛杉矶奥运会取得历史性胜利的32年后,中国女排在里约再度加冕,这是女排拼搏精神最真实的写照:不屈不挠,团队协作,无私奉献。
4. Consider Chinese swimmer Fu Yuanhui who has created a sensation online not just by winning a bronze medal at the Rio Olympic Games, but also by her frankness and humor, which have won her countless fans, many of whom have followed her on social media. Behind this trend is a clear admiration for athletes who manage to relax and enjoy the games despite immense pressure (@里可以换成其他类似的主题词).
我们可以想想中国女游泳队员傅园慧,她在网络上引起了轰动,不仅因为她在里约奥运会赢得了铜牌,也因为她的真诚和幽默,这为她赢得了无数粉丝,很多人都关注了她的社交媒体。在这股潮流的背后,显然是人们对于能在巨大压力之下自我放松、享受比赛的运动员的欣赏。
5. A telling example is Yu Minhong, the founder of New Oriental. Yu failed the university entrance exam twice, but he never stopped self-learning (划线部分可以写其他和主题有关的内容), which finally led him to be admitted to Peking University and then to found New Oriental.
新东方的创始人俞敏洪就是一个有力的例子。他两次高考失利,但他从未停止自学,也因此最终被北京大学录取,然后创办了新东方。
6. A good case in point is the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which wreaked havoc (大破坏) on the city. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over China and the world. People from every walk of life were ready to provide volunteer services for people who suffered because of this disaster. Many a little makes a mickle. All the practices mentioned above have made great contribution to the recovery and reconstruction of Wenchuan. (适合爱心/互助类话题)
一个很好的例子是2008年汶川地震,它给这座城市造成了毁灭性的破坏。地震之后,全中国和世界范围的人都纷纷进行捐款,各行各业的人都准备好给遭受这次灾难的人提供志愿者服务。积少成多,所有上述提到的行为都给汶川的恢复和重建做出了巨大的贡献。
7. Consider the famous basketball player Kobe Bryant. He showed his courage, tenacity, toughness and talent (选取或增加主题词) in the basketball field even though he was 37 years old then and I believe it was those characteristics which have made him a five-time NBA champion.
想想著名的篮球运动员科比吧。他在篮球场上展现出了他的勇气、坚毅、顽强和才华,尽管他那时已经37岁。我认为正是这些品质使他五次成为NBA总冠军得主。
从这些例子中,考生可以看出来,写“正能量”的话题或有关“个人品质”的话题,举例论证是一个绝佳的手段,而且一个超级正能量的人往往同时具备各种正面品质,所以套用上述例子的时候适当改写,就能非常切题了。
那么考生自己怎么写例子呢?一般来说,一个例子包括几个方面:名字、身份、正能量事迹和最终成就。所以大家可以选定自己中意的人物,上网搜一下这些方面的信息,很快就能搞定例子了。这里也给大家推荐一个网站――维基百科。考生在维基百科上搜索自己中意的人物,比如甘地,这个网站就会给出甘地详细的生平事迹,考生从中挑选一些容易记住且比较关键的信息就可以了。
建议要言之有物,别让全文最后一句话成为空/套话
根据笔者大量批改学生习作的经验来看,第三段往往是“空话和套话”的重灾区,很多内容笔者真心看烦看厌了――“只有这样我们才能走向光明的未来”“我充分相信只要大家……,我们的未来一定非常美好”“我希望大家都能重视……”等等。这有点像高中的语文作文,结尾句看似“展望未来、发表期待”,事实上给人感觉整个第三段“假大空”,“建议、看法、措施”没有写到点上,就不能给阅卷“老司机”眼前一亮的感觉。这里的“眼前一亮”不是说你要写出什么好词、难句,而只是希望在其他人写成“套路化”的地方,你能写得“真诚”一点。比如对于话题“创新”,要采取什么措施呢?考生可以套用政府、媒体、教育、意识这四个万能角度,但是最好能够写得更具体一点。比如,考生如果提出“媒体和学校”要宣传,那就可以指明宣传内容,比如加强宣传那些通过“创新”取得成功的榜样,而不是老调重弹地说宣传创新的重要性。同时除了这四个万能角度,回到自身,大学生可以做什么?怎么做?是不是可以写在“创新”这件事上,大学生应该勇于尝试,勇于承担风险,敢于探索未知呢?
所以最后的建h措施段,考生可以这样写:
As far as I am concerned, joint efforts are needed to encourage innovation and a pioneering spirit in modern China. Mass media and school education should publicize and popularize role models of innovation such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. As for us college students, we should dare to innovate/create/invent, dare to try and dare to take risks, and in doing so we may open a new world for ourselves.
就我个人看来,在当今中国,我们需要各方面共同努力来鼓励创新和开创精神。大众媒体和学校教育应该宣传和普及那些创新榜样,比如史蒂夫・乔布斯和比尔・盖茨。我们大学生应该敢于去创新/创造/发明,勇于尝试,勇于承担风险,这可能会为我们自己打开一个新世界。
结语:考试“创新”求变不是在坑你
四、六级考试年年考、次次变,这不是有意让考生考不过,而是因为时展,大学生需要真正会“用英语”,不然学英语就是浪费时间。原来通过模板和套路来搞定作文的学生毕业后发个简简单单的email都可能错误百出,更不用提查阅英语文献写相应的报告了,我们不禁要问:“英语学到哪去了?”
再者,这个时展太快,AlphaGo (阿法狗)都横扫棋坛了,我们大学生在象牙塔那一亩三分地里不抬头看世界又怎么行?“脱欧、川普、人工智能”……这个大时代的关键词接踵而来,我们也真的需要一个更加直接、快捷的方式睁眼看世界。这个工具,就是英语。
作
者
简
1-1 [1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of/ large numbers of people say that ....... But I insist that/think/prefer/view a bit differently.(说到…..大多数人认为….但是我…..)
[2]. When it comes to /faced with.... , quiet a few/some/most people bielive that .......but others strongly approve of/
regard/view/think/see…as/argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true .(提.....
到……..一些人认为…….另一些人则认为)
[3] There two sides in each coin , but I tend to favor /am favor of/am inclined to be on the side of the former/latter (view) .../prefer to do Rather than do…/ prefer to… /I stand on the side of the opinion that…/would rather
choose…over…/would have to say that…/would follow/ side with…(事物都有两面性,但是我更…….)
[4]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They are of The opinion /set forth/claim/
believe/argue/contend/advocade/maintain/hold(the view) that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... (…….纵所皆知,一些人认为,但是我怀疑….)
[5] Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...But in my opinion , ...... .
综上:@boths sides have their merits.(两种观点都有其可取之处)
@it is queit understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.
(不同的人持有不同的看法是可以理解的。)
@It goes without saying that there is a good side a bad side to everything. (毋庸置疑,万事万物都有其两面性)
@people from different backgrounds hold /come up with different
attitudes/put different interpretations on the same case/towards the issue.(不同的人对此问题持有不同的看法/理解不同。)
@there is no denying thateverything has one more face and….is no exception.(不可否认,每一件事都有其两面性,…也不例外。)
@The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
@ Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
@There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 1-2[1]. Recently the rise in / issue of the problem /phenomenon of whether or not...has been brought into publict attention/focus./ has
cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.
[2] the issue whether it is good or not to … has aroused a heated discussion all over the Country .(….的利与弊已在…引起热议)
[3] now we are entering a brand new era full of opptunities and innovations, and great changes have taken places in people’s attitude towards some
traditional practices.(现在我们进入一个充满机遇与创新的崭新的时代,很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大的改变。) 1-3[1]. "Knowledge is power." "Education is not complete with gradulation." are made by…and shared by more and more person ….出自…已被很多人引用.
[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .
[3]In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".
[4]just as going says that…俗话说…..
[5]it goes without saying that ….毋庸置疑…..
[6] @. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt ....
@ I have a friend who ... Should he .... ?
@ Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be
(unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
1-4[1].there are ….reason/cause for …. The answer to this problem invovles many factors, For one thing.. For another ...still another….. /on one hand….on the another hand …..(此问题涉及诸多因素,一方面….另一方面…..)
[2]in addition/moreover,another important factor/reason /a futher
reason/essential factor why….is that…(此外,更深层次的原因是….)
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for ....(….不是唯一的原因).
[4]the last but not the least reason is that...(最后一个但不是最不重要的原因是....
[5]one very important/primary/main argument for...is that... (非常重要的原因便是...)
1-5 [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........
[3]…..have much affect on ….. 1-62-1 得出结论
[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw /reach/arrive at/come to the conclusion that .....
[2in conclusion/in general/in summary/In a word/in short/in brief , it is more valuable .......
[3]but all in all ,on the whole….
2-2号召性
[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current
phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem ,the chances are that .. will let us in danger.
[3]no doubt,unless we take effctive measures ,it’s very likely that…. (毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施…..)
[4]it’s urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. (紧迫的是….)
[5]. It is high time that we urge an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......
[6]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.
2-4 建议性
[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
1-72-5 方向性的结尾方式
[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be
helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:
[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..
[ 1]. Nowadays,in the process of/along with the advance of soceity…. The growing people are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/ are in alarm that... (现今,随着…的发展,越来越多的人开始关注/担心)
[2] there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of /attach much impotance to….(….的广泛关注,使人们意识到….的重要性)
[3]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that....... (是时候换一个角度看待……问题了)
[4] @For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking/having a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
@ People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share/hold the view that1-9[1]from(to) my standpoint of view/in(to) my mind/in my experience ,the advantage over the drawbacks.我认为...
[2]personally/as far as Ican see /for my part,I am in favor of/side with formmer point of view.就我而言...我叫支持后者。
[3]in light to 鉴于... [2]it is best illustrated if given the folloming example.
[3]it is forceful example to demostrate the importance of...
[4]except for…
2-2 其他
[1]----连词
@ 强调类;
Still,indeed,,afterall,aboveall,interestingly,suerly,in fact, obviously,undoubedly,enough
@ 比较对比类
Similaryly,likewise,equally,in the same way,by /in contrast,whereas,instead,unlike
neverthless(尽管如此,然而),conversely(相反),however,on the other hand @ 时间类
Recently,as soon as,in the meanwhile(期间),after a while,for the time being(暂时) , in the end,immediately,nowadays,subsequently(后来)
@ 顺序类
To begin with ,finally, ,in the first place,first and most important @让步。递进
Although, in spite of,admittedly,what ever may happen,futhermore,again,additionally
@转折类
However,rather than,unfortuneately,whereas
@原因---结果类
Due to ,thanks to,owing to,since,for this reason,accordingly(相应地),hence(此),consequently,as a result
生活中的很多事物能够引起我们的遐想,能够让我们得到思想的启迪和人生的感悟。请你选择生活中的某一事物,发挥联想和想象,学习写一首小诗,要能揭示出事物身上所蕴涵的深刻哲理。
【名师指津】
首先,写诗要酝酿情感。
如:
慈母手中线,游子身上衣。
——孟郊《游子吟》
桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情。——李白《赠汪伦》
这两诗句分别抒发的是母子情和友情。这些诗句为什么能历久弥新拨动我们的心弦?关键在于一个“情”字。有情才有诗,诗是跳出来的心。
其次,写诗要抓住意象,体现诗歌内蕴。
如:
墙角的花/你孤芳自赏时/天地便小了
第二首诗诗人描写了“墙角的花”这个意象,然后写到“墙角的花孤芳自赏”这一缺点,那么它的“天地便小了”,诗味十足,语言表现力极强。所以,意象的选择一定要贴切。意象可以是人,也可以是物。
第三,构思奇特、想象丰富。
如:
露
我在嫩绿嫩绿的草叶尖上
我在张开惺松睡眼的花心里
我没有向人们说:“勿忘我”
这首诗用拟人的手法,让露自述,角度新。写露珠在草叶尖上、花心里,不声不响,想象奇特。
【学生习作1】
门锁的承诺
安徽 刘帅
我来自千锤百炼,
我出于精雕细镂,
我处身若市门庭,
我把守一方平安。
有家的地方就有我,
我就是把小小的门锁。
我虽小,
却有绝对不小的承诺:
爱岗敬业,忠于职守,
是我做人不变的准则;
兢兢业业,矢志不渝,
是我心灵永远的求索。
有谁见我小小的门锁
贪图享乐
而工作失职?
为了信守我不变的承诺,
我将心抽象成一枚
红玫瑰钥匙儿,
敬献给我心爱的主人保管,
而我与他穿越时空的爱恋,
也由此上演。
【精彩点评】
全诗诗意浓厚,以“门锁”形象、生动、拟人化的“承诺”巧妙设题,揭示出“小小的门锁”立志“信守承诺”的“绝对不小”的追求。看似写“锁”,实为写人,具有优秀咏物诗的显著特点。全诗语言凝练,节奏明快,意蕴丰富,极富美感。
【学生习作2】
写给妈妈的一首小诗
安徽 刘凡
假如我是一朵娇艳的花,
妈妈,
我要给您带来一缕馨香。
【要做一朵娇艳的花给妈妈以馨香,让妈妈生活快乐,想象合理。】
假如我是一席凉风,
妈妈,
我要带走您一身的疲劳。
【要做凉风送给妈妈以轻松,让妈妈不在疲劳。】
假如我是您的小床,
妈妈,
我要给您带来一些更多的时间休息。
【要做小床让妈妈能够更好地休息,表达出了对妈妈的爱怜。】
在我跌倒的时候,
是您把我扶起来说:“孩子要坚强。”
在我把衣服弄脏的时候,
是您为我清洗衣服。
【选取妈妈对“我”生活上关心的典型事例,表现了母爱的无私与伟大。】
在我学习的时候,
是您给我细心的辅导。
【继续细数妈妈对“我”学习上的帮助的事例,表现母爱的伟大。】
妈妈,妈妈,
千言万语凝成一句话:我爱您,亲爱的妈妈。
【感情升华,爱妈妈的深情自然溢出。】
我是个普通的啄木鸟,跟森林里所有的啄木鸟一样,每天替生了虫的树木看病。这可是个很重要的工作,如果虫子蛀了树,树会枯死,树都枯死了,就没了森林,没了森林,就没了我的家,也就没了猴子和兔子的家,所有生活在这里的动物,没了家。。。
今天也像往常一样,我在林子里低低的飞着,“轰隆”这是什么声音?突然发现有一棵树倒了下去!奇怪,明明没有打雷!我赶紧飞过去。-这里可以写看到了人在砍树的情景,我想思路已经提供了,还是让孩子自己练练笔。。。这一段就写砍树。
我眼睁睁看着一棵棵树那么倒下去,心里痛得快要哭出来,我大声对那个在砍树的人说:停下吧求求你!然而他似乎根本听不到。老啄木鸟告诉我说,人是砍了树去做柴作房子。我想,那是不是有虫的树就不适合用了呢?于是拼着最大的胆量,飞到那个人的肩头,用尽我的力气,我喊:这根木头一定有虫!!!妈妈教我不要撒谎,但我觉得,这一次,撒谎也许能让他停下来。妈妈对不起::
求求你们,放过我们的树林吧,他们生虫了,不适合你们用,求求你们放过这一棵树吧!!
(一)
向右拐进一条逼仄的小巷,道路斜斜地低下去,慢慢向下走,豁然开朗,眼前是一片平静的江水。大大小小的石块连接成了一个小小的渡口。渡口边有一个小小的天地,花花草草藏匿其间。几只母鸡在江边的草丛中游走,这些潇洒的山水田园“诗人”,悠然自得地欣赏着眼前的美景,静思天地间有大美而不言的奥秘。我静静地望向远处重重叠叠的青山,烟云从山间升腾而起,蔓延在山水之间,化成了一幅水墨淋漓的山水画卷。
王贞懿《古堰画乡游记》|临海市外国语学校七(10)班
(二)
顺着陡峭的山路走可以观赏到裂谷里的景致。左手拎着水瓶,右手抓着石壁,一步一步向上爬。此时,我已紧张得感觉自己快要被汗水浸湿了。辗转了几圈后终于转进了一个石洞,这就是裂谷最有名的景点――古壁修篁。洞内很窄,脚下又有大小不一的石头坑坑洼洼,很不好走,不过洞壁上却很有意思。上面有好几个人形凹陷,很粗糙,但是头、身、腿都表现得很清楚,甚至还有个穿裙子的女人的模样。另一边的壁上也有图案,十分精致,像个神仙,帽子、衣服、神情均活灵活现,头发丝儿都很清楚,让我不得不赞叹大自然的神奇。
王晨雨《大裂谷之行》|临海市外国语学校七(1)班
(三)
面前是一座古建筑,大门上挂着个牌匾――“春花院”,让我这脸皮薄的人竟有些面红耳赤,所幸无人注意。本来挺拔刚劲的字,许是沾了太多的脂粉气,透出隐隐的妩媚柔美。看着这牌匾,也知道这里是所谓的风月场所,不过是曾经的。再瞧见旁边“色赛春花”四个飘逸的大字,我竟以为扑面而来的是浓浓的脂粉香气与荷包玉佩的声响,站在门口许久,看着这略微破败的古楼,一盏盏红灯笼暗暗氤氲出暧昧的气氛,我一下子心如擂鼓。最终好奇心占了上风,还是站在了青楼的地盘上。那一瞬间,我想到的竟是柳永等一众花间词人,还有孟昶的“冰肌玉骨,自清凉无汗,水殿风来暗香满”,更有名妓李师师,心中感到一丝悲哀。这是间明清时期就存在的青楼,至今建筑整体和细节均保存完好。南来北往的官员、客商、船家等曾在此花天酒地、风流快活,如今青楼犹存,然才子佳人不再,而游人却得以大大方方地逛逛此地。