英文名著
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英文名著范文第1篇
[关键词]桑提亚哥；象征；马林鱼；大海；挑战
《老人与海》作者简介：欧内斯特・米勒尔・海明威(1899-1961)，美国小说家。曾参加第一次世界大战，后担任驻欧洲记者，并以记者身份参加了第二次世界大战和西班牙内战。晚年患多种疾病，精神抑郁，于1961年自杀。他的早期长篇小说《太阳照样升起》(1927)《永别了，武器》(1927)成为表现美国“迷惘的一代”的主要代表作。20世纪三四十年代，他塑造了摆脱迷惘、悲观，为人民利益英勇战斗和无畏牺牲的反法西斯战士形象《第五纵队》，长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》。50年代，塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的“可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他”的“硬汉形象”(代表作《老人与海》1950)。1954年获诺贝尔文学奖。海明威是美利坚民族的精神丰碑。
海明威出生在美国伊利诺斯州芝加哥郊外橡树园镇一个医生家庭。他的父亲酷爱户外活动，他的母亲喜爱文学，这一切都对海明威日后的生活和创作产生了巨大影响。海明威毕业后一面当《星报》记者，一面写小说。第一次世界大战爆发后，他想亲临战场感受战争，于是加入美国红十字会战场服务队，投身意大利战场。大战结束后，海明威获得中尉军衔。伴随荣誉的是他身上237处的伤痕(被炸弹弹片嵌入身体留下的)和赶不走的恶魔般的战争记忆。
《老人与海》这部小说是根据真人真事写的。1930年，海明威乘的船在暴风雨中遇险，老渔民格雷戈里奥・富恩特斯搭救了他。从此，海明威与富恩特斯结下了深厚的友谊，并经常一起出海捕鱼。1936年，富恩特斯出海很远捕到了一条大鱼，但由于这条鱼太大，在海上拖了很长时间，结果在归程中被鲨鱼袭击，回来时只剩下一副骨架。当时这件事给了海明威很深的触动，使他产生了极强的创作欲。于是后来他就创作了这部被誉为“美国历史上里程碑式的32本书之一”的《老人与海》。
美国艺术史家贝瑞孙这样评价：“《老人与海》是一首田园诗，大海就是大海，不是拜伦式的，不是麦尔维尔式的，好比荷马的手笔：行文又沉着又动人，犹如荷马的诗。真正的艺术家既不象征化，也不寓言化――海明威是一位真正的艺术家―但是任何一部真正的艺术品都能散发出象征和寓言的意味，这一部短小但并不渺小的杰作也是如此。”
这部小说以摄像机般的写实手法记录了桑提亚哥(Santiago)老人捕鱼的全过程，塑造了一个在重压下仍然保持优雅风度、在精神上永远不可战胜的老人形象。起初，有一个叫明诺林的男孩跟他一道出海，可是过了40天还没有钓到鱼，孩子就被父母安排到另一条船上去了，因为他们认为孩子跟着老头不会交好运。第85天，老头儿一清早就把船划出很远，他出乎意料地钓到了一条比船还大的马林鱼。老头儿和这条鱼周旋了两天，终于又中了它。但受伤的鱼在海上留下了一道腥踪，引来无数鲨鱼的争抢。老人奋力与鲨鱼搏斗，但回到海港时，马林鱼只剩下一副巨大的骨架。孩子来看老头儿，说：“它没有打败你，它没有。”(“He didn’t beat you，Not the fish.”)
小说中人物很少，情节也简单，采用了简洁含蓄的风格，客观的白描手法极富象征意味。小说着力描写了桑提亚哥在同鲨鱼的斗争中表现出非凡的意志和勇气，成功地塑造了这一失败的英雄的典型形象，是作者创造的“硬汉性格”的继续与发展。《老人与海》中的形象具有很强的象征意蕴。他用大海象征变化无常的人类社会，用马林鱼象征人生的理想，用鲨鱼象征无法摆脱生活对人的打击，它会随时吃掉你的成功和幸福；而狮子则为英勇雄壮，能创造奇迹的象征，桑提亚哥则是人类中勇于与强大势力搏斗的“硬汉子”代表，他那捕鱼的不幸遭遇象征人类总是与厄运不断抗争。
桑提亚哥是个可怜的老头――看上去似乎是的。海明威以精炼的语言塑造了这个形象，但是并没有给予老人成功，却赋予老人在压力下优雅而坚韧的形象。桑提亚哥是海明威所崇尚的完美的人的象征：宽厚、仁慈、坚强、充满爱心，面对不可逆转的命运仍然是精神上的强者，保持了人的尊严和勇气。老人是“生命英雄”的象征，他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战，向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它，从前所未有的角度展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中，他以自信、勇敢，强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低回的大提琴协奏曲。老人在海上和鲨鱼进行着殊死搏斗，面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼，老人桑提亚哥“感到就像自己挨到袭击一样”，他想：“跟它们斗，我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗，更加反衬出人的伟大。“我和你奉陪到死”――这个硬汉面对挑战这样说。桑提亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战，而正是他的勇敢和强悍一次次地战胜了厄运。老人说“一个人并不是生来给打败的，你尽可能把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗，我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的，是人类取得美好未来的保证。
故事中出现了一个叫明诺林的男孩，在老人的故事里为什么有这个孩子的出现?年轻，象征着力量和希望，即便是老人，他的内心同样是年轻的。这个男孩起初是要跟老人学习捕鱼的技术的，但后来被他父母安排到别处了。在故事的结尾，当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时，“he started to cry，and an the way down the road he was crying”，孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手，他心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一干二净，更心痛的是老人在历经长达84天的凄惶失意极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感，深深地撞击着读者的心弦。这哭声包含着孩子对老人深深的同情和无限崇敬。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点，象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”，表达了作品的乐观主义倾向。
小说中有一个极其重要的象征物，就是桑提亚哥魂系梦萦的“那群狮子”。它代表旺盛的生命力和青春，象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往，每次梦见“那群狮子”后都会给老人增添无穷的精神力量。小说的结尾“The old man was dreaming about the lions”――“那天下午，桑提亚哥在茅棚中睡着了，梦中他见到了狮子。”这是一个富有寓意的回声，体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德 理想，即不向命运低头，永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。
小说中的大海除了是故事发生的地点外，还象征人生的搏斗场。海明威并没有只对大海进行客观的描写，有许多地方是通过桑提亚哥老人倾向性的回忆或者自言自语等形式叙述出来的。来看吧：“那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物，但却是海龟的美食，海龟吃水母，鲨鱼吃海龟。”还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”，小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”，于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷，到处是强者的追逐，弱者的奔逃，到处都潜藏着杀机。这幅画卷所展现的是自然界中永恒的，真真切切的弱岗强食生存斗争的景象。
“一艘船越过世界的尽头，驶向未知的大海，船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜，旗帜上，舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光――超越极限!”作者海明威这样评价他的作品。
《老人与海》中展现了人的自信。桑提亚哥的自信是绝对自信，是不以环境变化而变化的自信，是不用与他人比较的自信。在书中这样写道：“老人的渔船上那破旧的帆布，就像是一面失败的旗帜，仿佛在宣告着老人永远都捕不到鱼的倒霉运气。”“他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们像海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的。”眼睛是心灵的窗户，这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照，揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征。一切大风大浪都无法改变老人那双充满自信的眼睛。正是它，支撑着老人在大海中整整搏斗几天几夜，发挥出在他生命中的所有极限。他带给我们的是人类最高贵的自信!
台湾学者陈人孝曾经评价：“人可以失败，但不可以被击败，外在的肉体可以接受折磨，但是内在的意志却是神圣不可侵犯的，这是《老人与海》一再强调的观点。真正的大师都是用最简单的语言来表达最深刻的道理，真正的好作品都是用生命的历练做题材。”
人类与自然的斗争从来就远远不止于此。历史上有过许多惊心动魄的劫难，可是有很多人们都已经忘记了。惟有海明威让它变得如此生动，让人难以忘怀。没有惊恐，没有激奋，没有狂欢，但有一种很耐人回味的东西，让我们一次又一次地触摸生命的痕迹。我们所需要的就是海明威所带给我的感动和平实，永不言败!这个骨头里留有几百块弹片的硬汉作家，恰当地写出了生命的强度，告诉我们怎么去面对生、老、病、死，告诉我们心有多宽，如海一般。
英文名著范文第2篇
2、Superficial 浮浅。
3、anesthesia 麻醉。
4、Tender >>>温柔。
5、禁锢- Empty。
6、 Forever 优雅。
7、欧典-The empty。
8、倒吊 Scream。
9、Fleeting time。流年。
10、crossing out°
11、失心人bailest-。
12、别挽留 Letitgo。
13、1ost 1987蝎子。
14、知足 Content つ。
15、天空blond゜
16、silent 黑白年代。
17、peaceful 少年 。
18、护花铃CEm Hop - Type。
19、思念因子empathy。
20、魄悲 〔Triste。
21、Liberation 解脱。
22、orvR 音符。
23、Superficial° 浮浅。
24、梦徒 Dream ACT。
25、失夜 Sakitama。
26、Very cold. 很冷漠。
27、Charm 猫姬。
28、冷淡丨desolate。
29、A monologue. 独白。
30、控制欲 Callous。
31、旧人|mistkes。
32、挂念 - hcs/u3。
33、Luce .典当半世宿命。
34、甜蜜的死亡 Revenge。
35、夺命的冷淡Deatй began。
36、Jasper 碧玉。
37、Ord1nAry 平淡。
38、Distractions. 分心。
39、One、Life 独厮守 ぢ.。
英文名著范文第3篇
什么是文学名著的影视改编？文学名著的改编就是在文学名著原作的基础上由不同的编剧根据不同的对名著的分析与思考将名著改写成适合拍摄的影视作品。什么是影视教学？影视教学是指将影视作品欣赏与课堂结合起来，通过影视作品的在课堂上放映给学生观看从而引发学生思考来达到教学目的的一种手段。
二、影视资源在语文课堂上的应用
现在的中学语文教育，大多都是按部就班，按照书本知识和教学大纲要求来进行的，从而导致中学生们掌握的语文知识也基本上都是很浅显的课本知识，对于课外读物掌握的很少很少，每天更多的是应付老师布置的作业的一种应付模式，思维仅仅限定在老师教什么我就学什么的状态，而且语文教育不仅没有发挥出其应有的趣味与展现出中国深厚的语文文化魅力，反而越来越枯燥无趣，令学生们对语文学习产生很大的抵触情绪。
三、怎样把影视欣赏和语文课堂结合起来
1、影视教学策略分析
影视教学并不意味着简单得在课堂上放映影视作品给学生们观看，单纯的放映的确能够活跃课堂气氛，调动学生们积极投入到影视作品与课堂中去，但是当影视作品放映结束，下课后学生们不会在脑海中留下更多印象，除了感叹这节课真是新奇和停留在影视作品浅显表层的情节内容外，再无任何对该作品的思考与联想。这样的话即意味这种影视教学是极其失败的。所以要想将文学名著改编的影视作品有效的和语文课堂结合起来，还需要有计划地，有策略地慢慢开展，切忌不可一蹴而就，否则势必会事倍功半。因此我们可以分析下影视教学走进语文课堂的策略。1）潜移默化的改变学生的思考方向。可能突然没头没脑的来这么一句话大家一定会觉得奇怪，为什么要改变学生的思考方向呢？首先，学生在潜意思里总是认为影视作品是用来轻松娱乐的东西，文学名著改编而成的影视作品不再那么枯燥无味，学生们也能很容易的吸引进去，但影视作品总是影视作品，学生对待娱乐放松的事物向来不“走心”，通常是看过便丢了，对那本改编的名著也不会加深多少了解，更不会课后还念念不忘的对其进行展开思索与研究讨论。因此想要有效地通过影视作品的方式将名著植入学生的心中，则需要老师潜移默化的改变学生的思考方向，改变他们的思维方式，让他们知道在上影视课时不仅要看到影片本身，更要看到影片的内在，影片中人物的内心，更有甚者，还要看影片的细微小处，从而引发对这部影视作品更深的思考和对原著的思索与探究。这样，影视作品与语文课堂教学结合起来的目的就达到了。2）其二，采取高效的课堂教学方法，教师们在进行中学语文课堂教学时大多是按照教科书上来讲课，这样的课堂教学十之八生都不感兴趣，再加上又是语文课，更是会令学生们昏昏欲睡，这是我亲身经历过的中学语文课堂。这样的课堂教学必然是低效率的。3）其三，指导学生有效利用影视资源进行课内外自学训练，现在社会上大多数学校，不管是小学、中学、大学每节课课时仅为45分钟，而且中学语文教学任务繁重，教师不可能将所有的课时都用来进行影视教学，条件的不允许使得教师们需指导学生学会利用影视资源进行课内外的自学训练，这样形式的“作业”不仅可以解决某些条件限制的矛盾，也可以提高学生的自主性与积极性，因为这样形式的“作业”想必会很受学生的欢迎。
2、影视教学中应注意的问题
英文名著范文第4篇
【摘 要】In the late 19th century American naturalism appeared in the United States as a new literary trend， which took Darwinism and Spenserian social Darwinism as its base. But it has features of its own. As a naturalist writer， Jack London followed the principles of American naturalism in his writing. And his most of popular novel The Call of the Wild fully demonstrates the naturalist features in terms of its theme， character portraying and writing style as well.
【关键词】naturalism， nature， Buck
Jack London was one of the most celebrated American writers at the beginning of 20thcentury. During his lifetime he published over forty volumes of works， including one hundred and seventy-one novels and short stories. Simply from the respect of the quantity of his works， London challenged equivalence， let alone the quality of his many novels， such as Martin Eden， The Call of the Wild， and The Iron Hell， to name just a few.
In the late19th century， a new literary trend appeared in the United States. With the development of science and technology， new ideas about man and man's place in the universe began to take root in America. The world was no longer a smiling one， but the one full of struggle， conflict and competition. Life became a struggle for survival. Darwin's ideas of evolution and especially those of Herbert Spencer had great influence in America and helped to change the outlook of many rising authors and intellectuals， and produced an attitude of gloom and despair which characterized America Literature of this period. （Chang Yaoxin 1990：p196） Hence the appearance of American naturalism.
Naturalism， as a literary trend， was first known to the world in the 1860s， with Zola as its pioneer. In literature， it is a movement “based on the theory that human behavior is mechanistically determined by heredity， environment， or physical impulse”. （Collier's Encyclopedia 1982：p212） Due to its scientific accuracy and exactness of picturing the society and human life， very soon naturalism found its followers in many countries. In a short Period of time there appeared different kinds of naturalism in different countries. And in American there was American naturalism.
Comparatively speaking， American naturalism appeared a little bit later， at about the end of 19th century. However， it survived that of all other countries. One can even find its trace in John Stein beck's works. Most of the American naturalist writers were influenced by Zola's naturalistic view in one way or another， but they did not totally accept his literary theories. What is more， their understanding of naturalism also varied. Therefore different writers held different views towards naturalism. In spite of this， due to the similar social and historical backgrounds， these writers also shared some opinions in naturalism， which formed the main features of American naturalism. The following are its main features：
First， American naturalist writers all took Darwinism and Spenserian social Darwinism as the philosophical base of their works. Most of their works were concerned about “the survival of the fittest. Heredity and environment determinism.”
Second， they paid great emphasis on the truthfulness and exactness of their writing. That is to say， American naturalists reported truthfully and objectively， with a passion for scientific accuracy and an overwhelming accumulation of factual details.
Thirdly， American naturalists employed scientific methods in their writing， analyzing everything from the point of science and thinking nothing of human morality.
And last， they took a pessimistic view towards life and human beings as well. The whole picture they portrayed was somber and dark， and the general tone was one of hopelessness and even despair.
Jack London was among these young writers appearing in the later part of 19th century who took naturalism as the doctrine of their writing. Naturalistic features appeared in many of London's novels， among which The Call of the Wild was a distinguished one.
The year 1903 saw the publication of Jack London's most well-known novel The Call of the Wild， which described the legend of a dog named “Buck”. And it is this book that earned him international fame. The vivid description of the wilderness of the frozen northland and the legendary life of the hero quickly attracted readers all over America， and soon afterwards the book was translated into many a language. Even today anyone who wants to make any comment on Jack London will not fail to take this novel into his consideration.
As a naturalist writer， London put his dog hero into the uncivilized frozen land to see how Buck would behave in order to survive. Quite to his satisfaction， Buck quickly adjusted himself to the changed environment and appeared to be the fittest. The whole story was narrated under the guidance of naturalism. Specifically speaking， The Call of the Wild fully demonstrates naturalistic features in terms of its theme and writing style.
Theme：
Darwinism and Spenserian social Darwinism serve as the philosophical base of naturalism. Darwin pointed out that the process of species evolution was maintained mainly through natural selection and that only the fittest could survive. Spencer applied this theory for the human world and held out that in the human society also existed the struggle for living. In the process of species evolution， environment and heredity played important roles. One was determined by his heredity and the environment around him. Perceiving human life in this aspect， naturalists were inclined to see man as a pawn in a game over which he had no control. （Ousby 1979：p158）They began to feel desperate and disappointed towards human life. And sometimes this kind of pessimism towards life went to such a degree that they regarded human life as a total failure. Holding this view， most of the naturalist writers showed in their works a tint of amorality， that is to say， they talked nothing about human life as a total failure. Holding this view， most of the naturalist writers showed in their works a tint of amorality， that is to say， they talked noting about human morality in their works. In The Call of the Wild， Buck and other characters' fates clearly showed all the above.
First， Buck's survival in the world of club and fang clearly illustrates the theory of the survival of the fittest. Buck was powerful in striving for living. In the process of natural selecting， he was apparently the fittest. Coming from the warm south， Buck was at first shocked at what he met in the frozen northland. However， the extremely awful wilderness， hard work， attacks from other dogs and whipping from his masters did not defeat him. Compared to other Southland dogs in the north， Buck was fit to live there. He learned to work and live in the hostile northland. In order to live， he forgot all the politeness and “dignity” he had learned in the civilized world and began to steal， play tricks and even kill other living creatures. All these marked that he was fit to survive in such an environment. And compared to other sled dogs， Buck was the fittest. He could do what other dogs unable to do. He learned fast and could do a better part of the work. Besides， he acquired the ability to scent wind and anticipate danger beforehand In the process of natural selection， only be fit for living is not enough. In the harsh environment ， only the fittest can survive. One of Buck's companions， Spitz， was a strong dog with much living tricks and knowledge of the living conditions there. He was even the head of the sled dogs for some time. However， Buck's arrival threatened his position and eventually Buck killed him. Apparently he was not unfit to live in the north， but compared to Buck， he was not the fittest. Hence his doomed fate.
The theory of the survival of the fittest also applied for human world. All the people that survived in the cruel environment appeared to have adjusted themselves to the changed frozen northland. Most of Buck's masters living or working there， including Perrault， Francois and Thornton， all seemed to have acquired certain qualities： strong mind， rich experience， etc. On the contrary， Hal， Charles and Mercedes knew nothing of the living conditions in the northland before going there. And to make it worse， even when they did come to the north， they refused to adjust themselves to suit the changed environment. They had no idea of how to prepare for the travel and how to live in the outside world. They were totally at a loss when confronted with difficulty. Apparently they were not fit for the new environment. They came to Alaska for gold， but what was waiting ahead of them was not gold， but death.Buck's process of changing from a pet to a wolf also illustrates the determination of the heredity and environment. Buck's survival in the northland was for the most part due to his inherited abilities from his ancestors. When in Judge Mill's house， Buck was a civilized dog， knowing nothing and caring for nothing except playing with his masters. But once in the northland， he learned everything so fast that one cannot help thinking of his forebears. Actually， the experience and life style of his ancestors began to come back to him， he learned to dig holes in the snow， make comfortable nest， and even kill other living creatures for survival. In addition， the word “heredity” appeared more than once in the novel， showing clearly the author's intention in making the reader believe that heredity played an important role in Buck's “development”， or rather， his degeneration. And the “hairy man” appearing many times in Buck's dreams was more of the ancestor of the human being that that of the dog， indicating that Buck， although the descendant of civilized dogs and a pet himself for some time， could not forger all the memories of his ancestors.
And Buck's heredity coming back to him again for most part resulted from the changed environment. Being a pet in Judge Mill's house， Buck lived a comfortable life， his daily duty being only to accompany and play with his masters. But when he was put into the northland， he was forced to recall all that his ancestors had done to make a living and throw away all the human civilization he had got. Here the environment determined Buck's fate. Just imagine if Buck had remained in the “Sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley” all his life， or had he been sold to other places， his story would have been quite different. Only in such an awful environment can a civilized dog like Buck come back to be a wild one， or rather， a wolf.And in such a cruel environment， it is hard for one to obey any moral principles， nor is it necessary to do so. This was also what most naturalists' opinion. A majority of naturalistic works refused to describe persons as autonomous individuals capable of moral choice. In order to live， one had to throw away all the moral values. London clearly realized this and he even went extremes by making a dog as the hero of his story， thus he avoided praising or criticizing the hero's activities， and “the decay of Buck's moral nature can thus be tossed aside without the reader losing respect for Buck” （ Auerbach 1995：p51）. In the frozen land， it was useless talking about selflessness， gentility， generosity， etc. all of which meant nothing but the possibility of dying from hunger， thirst， or just becoming the prey of other living creatures. One cannot criticize “the Scotch half=breed” when he shot Dave， a wounded dog， simply because that was his best choice. Similarly， Buck's “decivilization ” from stealing to killing Spitz can neither be criticized， as here what mattered most was whether he could survive， not how he managed to do so.
Buck's role as the hero of the novel also shows London's pessimistic view towards human world and human life. Being so disappointed with human life and the civilized world， he purposely made a dog as his hero and put him far away form the civilized world into the vast wilderness. Under London's pen， most of the people Buck met after his kidnapping were “evil-looking creatures”. The dog-dealer， the saloonkeeper and the clerks in the express office all ill-treated him， giving him nothing to eat or drink， and the man in the red sweater nearly bit him to death. Hal， Charles and Mercedes were Buck's masters， and they were even worse in treating Buck and other sled dogs. These three people seemed to have captured all the weakness of human beings， such as ignorance， laziness and selfishness， etc. Among Buck's masters Thornton seemed to be the only one that equaled the name “human”. Although he also had many shortcomings， for example， once he nearly caused Buck's death just for the purpose of checking Buck's loyalty to him， and on another occasion he ordered Buck to pull a sled of one thousand pounds only for his own dignity， yet he was very kind to Buck and London depicted him as a symbol of human civilization. He bore the bridge for Buck to the civilized world， and in Thornton Buck found the most valuable thing in the world-love. Unfortunately， this “last man” was killed in the end， leaving Buck to return to the wilderness. Actually， London's disappointment was most clearly shown in his designing for Thornton's death. The only man in the world “disappeared”， and since “the rest of mankind was nothing ”（London2000：p44），the whole human civilization was vanishing.
Another thing showing London's disappointment towards human beings is the relationship between people described in the novel. Thornton ventured to save a dog even at the cost of fighting with a stranger accompanied with two relatives， but he only showed his indifference at the sight of Hal and his partners' death. What was even more amazing was the harsh relationship between Hal， Charles and Mercedes. They were relatives， but what they did in the frozen land was not to hang together to solve problems， but to quarrel and make a fuss on trivial things. Such was the nature of human beings！ Their death was unavoidable， and London's view towards them also reflected his view upon all human beings――disappointment.
Writing style：
In order to depict a true world， naturalists showed great interest on the truthfulness and exactness of their writing. They argued that the art of writing lay in clearly recording what happened and no one had the right to insert any comment in the process of recording. They regarded their words as a mirror， which reflected exactly the mortal world. And the language they used was of various kinds for this purpose.
In The Call of the Wild， London's depicting of Buck's story was just like a mirror reflecting the real life. He chose Alaska as the main site of his hero's activity， only because he himself had been there in 1897 and knew well of the living conditions there. He just truthfully recorded a story he had been told years before. He intended to hide himself behind the paper， taking notes of what happened to Buck and what the surroundings were like. He just let the story stretch out by itself. In addition， London described everything in a tone that characterized the total objectivity and impersonality of the writing. Hal and his partners death was depicted in extreme coldness， the scene presented here was just like a like a list of photos taken by a camera.. London just intended to tell the reader what happened to Hal and his partners， and as to whether one should pity or feel sorry for them， it was not his concern.
As for the language， the author tried to apply different styles of language for the purpose of truthfulness. In the story one could find expressions that were supposed to be used only from the point of view of animals， such as the “yellow metal” for gold， “hairy creature” for the human being； informal language used by uneducated people， such as “Some dam day him kill dat Buck” （London 2000：p19）， “Him think to take de job”（London2000：p25）； proper expressions used in ordering dogs to pull the sled， such as “Gee”， “Haw”， “Mush”， etc. and formal language as well. In truth， it is the use of various kinds of language that makes the characters portrayed in the novel so vivid that one could even see them when reading the story. Different ways of speaking characterized different kinds of people， which gave the reader a true picture of human society.
Under the guidance of naturalistic features， Jack London depicted in The Call of the World a dark and bleak environment， in which every living creature was controlled by scientific and natural laws， that is， one's fate was decided not by himself， but by his heredity and the environment around him. In order to achieve this effect， London employed various writing techniques characterizing naturalism， for example， he avoided talking about morality and pictured through scientific methods people of lower status， even animals. Besides he also used many kinds of language to suit different kinds of people. And the general tone in the novel is a pessimistic one.
Jack London was an American writer who came come from the lower part of the society. Thus he was able to pay special attention to the poor and have keen understanding of the living conditions there. Being a naturalist writer， he took all his heart in depicting a world of cruel living laws under the guidance of naturalism. Actually The Call of the Wild is not simply an animal story. London intended to imply that human world was just the same as that of the animals in that any individual had to try hard in order to survive. One can observe between the lines how people of low status， in order to make a living， had to try all kinds of jobs. In the meantime they had to be aware of the attacks from their companions and from the outside world――the society as well. All their lives they were struggling， just like Buck， for a piece of meat or simply a comfortable nest.
London's prose style is forceful and colorful rather than precise. He told his story through action rather than through words， and he seldom stopped to preach or lecture to the reader. It is his coldness， his animation that make him one of the most popular writers in America， his books has been and are being translated into a dozen languages and his fame has been sent around the world. Nowadays London is regarded as one of the most outstanding American naturalist writers and many characters he has invented are still alive in the American literature and in the reader's heart all over the world.
参考文献
[1] Auerbach， Jonathan. 1995. “Congested Mails”： Buck and Jack's“Call”. [J]. American Literature. Vol.67.No.1.Duke University Press.
[2] Chang Yaoxin. 1990. A Survey of American Literature. [M]. Tianjin： Nan Kai University.
[3] Halsey， D.William and Friedman， Emanuel. 1982. Collier's Encyclopedia.[Z]. New York： Macmillan Educational Company.
[4] London， Jack. 2000.The Call of the World. [M].北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社
[5] Ousby.Ian.1979.50American Novels.[M]. London： Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
[6] Rubinstein， T.annette. 1988. American Literature： Root and Flower. [M]. Vo.1.
[7] Beijing： Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
[8] 弗斯特.R，利里安；斯可爱芙.N，彼得著，任庆平译，《自然主义》[M]，昆仑出版社，1989
[9] 欧文，亨利著，董秋斯译，《马背上的水手：杰克・伦敦传》[M]，北京十月文艺出版社，1999
英文名著范文第5篇
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2
劳动和社会保障部《关于确立劳动关系有关事项的通知》第二条规定：“用人单位未与劳动者签订劳动合同，认定双方存在劳动关系时可参考下列凭证：(一)工资支付凭证或记录(职工工资发放花名册)、缴纳各项社会保险费记录;(二)用人单位向劳动者发放的‘工作证’、‘服务证’等能够证明身份的证件;(三)领导者填写的用人单位招工招聘‘登记表’、‘报名表’的招用记录;(四)考勤记录;(五)其他劳动者的证言等，工作证明《工作时间证明》。其中，(一)、(三)、(四)项的有关凭证由用人单位负举证责任。”
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我工作了13个月，单位一直没有与我签定劳动合同，我现在离职了并申请了劳动仲裁，要求企业对我进行相关的赔偿。目前有一个证据不好提供，就是我入厂的时间，我个人方面没有直接证据，谁能帮帮我给予意见。
您好，针对您的问题回答如下：
劳动和社会保障部《关于确立劳动关系有关事项的通知》第二条规定：“用人单位未与劳动者签订劳动合同，认定双方存在劳动关系时可参考下列凭证：(一)工资支付凭证或记录(职工工资发放花名册)、缴纳各项社会保险费记录;(二)用人单位向劳动者发放的‘工作证’、‘服务证’等能够证明身份的证件;(三)领导者填写的用人单位招工招聘‘登记表’、‘报名表’的招用记录;(四)考勤记录;(五)其他劳动者的证言等。其中，(一)、(三)、(四)项的有关凭证由用人单位负举证责任。”
您拿到这些证据就可以证明您的入厂时间了，其中有一些你是可以要求用人单位提供的。
4
工作证明应注意的几个问题
从雇主那里提供工作证明书要注意的有下面几点：
(一) 证明书要打印在公司信纸上面。
(二) 信纸上应该有公司的详细地址及电话号码。
(三) 证明信应该有单位负责人签名，也应该有公司盖章。
(四) 内容需要清楚讲明职位，在什么时候开始工作，每年的总收入有多少，是否包括年薪、房屋津贴、年终奖金及公司分红等等。
