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饮茶文化

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饮茶文化

饮茶文化范文第1篇

关键词:俄罗斯;饮茶文化;语言

一、俄罗斯饮茶的历史背景

俄罗斯在饮茶方面同中国有着深刻的历史渊源,史书记载中,中国是最早制作茶的国家。当今在俄罗斯多数人都喜欢饮茶。最早关于茶叶传入俄罗斯的记载是,1567年俄国哥萨克首领伊万·彼得罗夫和布尔纳什·亚雷切夫把中国的茶文化传入俄国。“俄国真正了解中国茶叶是在1638-1640年”,(邹丽娟,2008:12)当时中国西北地区的阿勒坦汗用茶来招待由瓦西里·斯达尔科夫和斯杰潘·涅维洛夫率领的俄国使团,并作为礼物赠与对方,这些茶叶被带回莫斯科后,深受当时社会王公贵族的喜爱。在1679年,中俄两国签订了俄国从中国进口茶叶的协定,因为当时交通所限,运输茶叶的数量有限,所以只有上流社会人群才能品尝到茶叶,平民很少有机会接触到茶叶。到十九世纪末,俄国开始种植茶叶,但是茶叶的产量并不高,主要还是依靠从中国大量进口茶叶,茶的价格也随之下降,这使得茶逐渐成为人们生活中一种重要的饮品,在生活中的很多领域出现与茶相关的文化。

二、罗斯饮茶的主要种类和方式

在俄罗斯,茶的种类主要包括红茶(чёрный чай)、绿茶(зелённый чай)、柠檬茶(лимонный чай)、砖茶(кирпичный чай)、茉莉花茶(жасминный чай)等。

“Чёрный чай”就是我们所说的红茶,在俄语中“чёрный”是“黑色的”,之所以使用чёрный这个词,是因为红茶在泡制的过程中,如果大量使用茶叶,茶水的颜色很深,有时甚至呈现出黑色。在俄罗斯,人们在泡制红茶时,喜欢向其中加入糖、果酱、牛奶、水果等,在饮用时,喜欢吃一些甜点和面包。如今,随着人们越来越追求健康饮食,俄罗斯人对绿茶的需求不断增加,很多人更倾向于饮用绿茶。饮用砖茶最多的是布里亚特人,绿砖茶是他们日常生活中的主要饮品。砖茶通常制作成块状,在煮制时,将砖茶敲碎,放于茶炊中煮沸,有些人也会加入一些牛奶、糖等饮用。在俄罗斯饮茶不仅作为一种交际手段,更是生活的重要组成部分,“托尔斯泰曾说:Я должен былп пить много чая,изо без него не мог работать.Чай высвобождает те возможности,которые дремлют в глубине моей души.(我应该多喝茶,没有它我就不能工作。茶使沉睡在我灵魂深处的能量得以释放)”(唐芳,2010:27)由此可见,饮茶在俄罗斯人的生活中是非常重要的。

三、茶炊文化

茶炊(самовар)是俄罗斯茶文化的重要组成部分,俄罗斯有“А какой же чай без самовара!”(无茶炊怎能算饮茶!)的说法。俄罗斯人非常喜爱茶炊,茶炊曾是俄罗斯皇室必不可少的器具,在民间很多家庭都摆放一或两个茶炊。图拉州是俄罗斯著名的茶炊生产地。19世纪初,图拉市的茶炊制造业发展迅速,并逐渐成为茶炊的主要生产基地,在图拉市有上百家生产茶炊的工厂,曾经皇室贵族使用的茶炊也在图拉制造,所以在俄罗斯有句著名的谚语“В Туру со своим самоваром не ездят”(去图拉不用带自己的茶炊)。茶炊的材质通常为铜质,结构通常是中部为空心直筒状,用来放置木炭等燃料,水环绕在直筒四周,茶炊的大小不一,形状各异。有的工匠在茶炊表面绘画各种精美图案,外观十分精美。

在俄罗斯,每逢亲友相聚、逢年过节,有“пить чай за самоваром”(围绕茶炊饮茶)的习俗,人们都会使用茶炊,一起饮茶。可是随着社会的发展,传统的茶炊逐渐被电茶炊取代。如今在俄罗斯,茶炊不仅是一种饮茶工具,同时具有很高的艺术价值,在一些地方甚至成为一种文化符号。

四、饮茶文化对俄罗斯民族语言的影响

通过饮茶,不仅促进了不同民族间的文化交流,同时也丰富了俄罗斯民族的语言。在俄语中出现了一些与茶有关的俗语,例如:Чай да сахар!чай и сахар!чай с сахаром!(祝您尽兴品茶!)在俄语中有时чай会出现转义用法,例如:На чай!(给、收小费)。чай在句子中还可以作插入语,意思是“大概”、“看来”,例如“ты, чай, не придёшь?” (看来, 你是不会来的了?)。在俄语中还有很多与茶相关的谚语,例如:В городе чай – гостям угощение, в деревне – себе наслаждение. (在城市里—茶可以招待客人,在乡村中—喝茶就是享受人生。)В хорошей посуде и чай вкуснее. (吃美食不如喝茶更美味。)Выпей чайку - забудешь тоску. (喝茶时会忘记寂寞。)За чаем не скучаем - по семь чашек выпиваем.(喝下七杯茶就会忘记烦恼。)Коль чаем угощают, значит уважают. (假如有人请喝茶,那就意味着尊重。)От чаю пьян не будешь. (喝茶的人不会成为酒鬼。)Пей чай, не вдавайся в печаль.(喝茶不会陷入忧愁之中。)Пей чай – удовольствие получай. (喝茶就会得到快乐。)Приходите к чаю - пирогами угощаю.(来喝茶吧,用准备好的馅饼招待你。)等。俄罗斯饮茶文化不仅是俄罗斯文化的组成部分,也丰富了俄罗斯的民族语言。

参考文献:

[1]邹丽娟,中俄茶文化比较研究[D],山东大学,2008.

饮茶文化范文第2篇

《茶经》成书于780年,由唐代“茶圣”陆羽倾注数十年心血研究创作而成,是世界公认的真正意义上第一部茶学专著。《茶经》全书仅有七千余字,但是言简意赅、结构紧凑,分十个章节全面叙述了栽茶、采茶、制茶、饮茶、产茶、录茶、咏茶等丰富内容。作者陆羽把中华民族的五行阴阳辩证法、道家天人合一的理念、儒家的中和思想等浓缩于书中,为中国茶道奠定了坚实的基础。同时,《茶经》的权威性被确立之后,其主题思想和书中许多文化术语及特殊表达等都被广为传颂,呈现出极高的同构取向度。继陆羽的《茶经》之后,明朝屠隆的《茶说》、陈鉴的《虎丘茶经注补》,特别是清朝陆廷灿的《续茶经》等也都采用了《茶经》与目录相似的同构异义组合。这样,借助《茶经》中人们非常熟悉的十个章节,由于这些章节标题是人们耳熟能详的,这些后续的茶著也会让人过目不忘,有助于极大提高目标读者的关注指数和记忆价值。它们与陆羽的原创《茶经》之间母文本和拟文本的密切关系:中国茶典籍的微观互文清晰地表现在对于陆羽《茶经》的复制、仿拟和引用上。其中最明显的是《续茶经》:作者陆廷灿将《茶经》完全接受纳入自己的语义系统,不仅篇目与《茶经》之字不差,还把“原本《茶经》另列卷首”,并且在“凡例”的五段段首句中提及《茶经》,说明了自己“续”写茶经的缘由,一览无遗地再现出它与《茶经》的互文渊源:凡例:《茶经》著自唐桑苎翁,迄今千有余载,不独制作各殊而烹饮迥异。即出产之处亦多不同。余性嗜茶,承乏崇安,适系武夷产茶之地。值知府满公郑重进献,究悉源流,每以茶事下询。查阅诸书,于武夷之外,每多见闻,因思采集为《续茶经》之举。曩以薄书鞅掌,有志未遑。及蒙量移奉文赴部,以多病家居,翻阅旧稿,不忍委弃,爱为序次第。恐学术久荒,见闻疏漏,为识者所鄙,谨质之高明,幸有以教之,幸甚。……原本《茶经》另列卷首。值得注意的是,陆廷灿在《续茶经》中对于《茶经》“仿拟”和“引用”的互文过程不只是主观、武断的语言关联,而是通过蕴蓄机制发生作用的意义指向“翻新”的发展。例如先期母本《茶经》的第九章“茶之略”共包含222个字,主要是分析了在古代茶事中所需要的各种茶具中,哪些采茶、制茶、饮茶的用具是可以根据当时的条件及环境省略掉的;第十章“茶之图”仅有寥寥数语,共计68个字,主要是教人用绢素书写茶经并制成挂图陈诸座隅,以随时目染而熟记于心。而《续茶经》相应章节尽管表面标题只字未改,但是具体表述的内容则随着历史的发展呈现出全新的内容。《续茶经》的第九章则带有明显的类书性质,例举了我国古代自唐至清的156种茶书茶文茶诗,堪称茶著集大成者,字数多达2792个;第十章“茶之图”则例举了能生动体现茶文化内容的茶具、茶器插图(“至其图无传,不敢臆补,以茶具、茶器图足之”),字数更是增加到了1511个,是《茶经》该章节的20倍。可见,《续茶经》与《茶经》文本“虽然叠相祖述,但作者颇能运法于心,得鱼忘筌,夺胎换骨,点铁成金,而创作出独具风貌并足以与前作媲美的拟作佳品”。可见,发展性互文是茶典籍一种历史的传承,具有个人知识背景的创作母本更为广大的群体所接受和再创造,而历史的变迁为文本内容带来了深层意义变化和发展。这类互文例证表明,茶典籍的创作是一个不断扩展、重复、叠加、修正的过程,数千年来茶典籍的思想理念和语言文字表述的确是在互文性的语境下发展成形的。

二、《茶经》:茶文化的横向互文传播

《茶经》不仅仅是中国茶文化的瑰宝和模因母本,纵向地被本国茶著所仿拟和套用,它也是世界茶史上的重要里程碑。“由于其权威地位和无可替代的影响力,《茶经》还冲破了语言和文化的桎梏,被直接转换成目的语语言引入异国文本,使当时中国农家以及世界各有关者俱受其惠。”这种横向传播的互文引用以日本和韩国著作为多,约有近二十本/次。被英语书刊引用的有三本,这种从内容到形式上的复制验证了《茶经》的模因母本地位。1935年美国学者WilliamUkers在纽约出版了篇幅浩帙的茶著《茶叶全书》(AllAboutTea),从六个方面详细阐述了茶叶所涉及到的各个领域。作者非常认同中国茶及茶文化对世界的影响,一再强调《茶经》是“中国学者陆羽著述的第一部茶叶专著”,认为“茶是来自东方的恩泽(boonoftheOrient),构成了人类生活的美好享受”。正因为作者的认同,《茶叶全书》的第二章将《茶经》全文收入。在这一章的前四节,作者WilliamUkers主要介绍了中国传统茶文化、中国的第一部茶著及这部茶著的作者陆羽。他这样评说到:不仅中国古代农人应当对陆羽满怀感恩,全世界人民更是俱受其惠。因为若不是有了陆羽和他的著作,人们也许至今还没能体会到饮茶的美妙乐趣。在具体依照章节一一引入全书之前,WilliamUkers先用几句话简单概括了《茶经》的主题内容:“《茶经》共分三卷十章。在第一章中,陆羽介绍了茶树的性质;在第二章中主讲收采茶叶用的器皿;第三章是关于采茶的操作;第四章列举和描述了二十四种加工茶的器具,在这一章中可以看到陆羽对于象征道教的中国陶瓷的偏爱与茶的影响。在第五章,陆羽介绍了煮茶的方法。在其余的几个章节里,陆羽讲述了饮茶的普通方法、历史的总结、著名的产茶区和茶具的插图。虽然从简介和章节的目录中可以明显看出两本著作间的原著与译著的互文关系,但是仔细阅读原著就可以了解到,作者对于《茶经》的引用主要是根据自己创作的意图、语篇的结构和目标语读者的需要。他主要采取了选择性的“摘引“方法,除了将《茶经》十个章节中的重要技术性信息全部引用,与深层文化元素相关的哲学思想、比较生疏的古人轶事及诗词歌赋等语言修辞之美多半被简写或者全部删略。例如,陆羽在《茶经》中比较详尽地介绍了中国古代传统茶事有的制茶用器,其中有一件便是煮茶的“谽“:谽,以生铁为之,今人有业冶者,所谓急铁,其铁以耕刀之趄,炼而铸之。内抹土而外抹沙。土滑于内,易其摩涤;沙涩于外,吸其炎焰。方其耳,以正令也;广其缘,以务远也;长其脐,以守中也。(《茶经》“四之器”)陆羽并不是简单地讲述它们的特性与用途,而是将其从器物层面提升到精神高度,描述中包涵了儒家的“中庸”的理念:“正令”、“务远”、“守中”,这一“中正”思想正是儒家治国求“和”之术。遗憾的是所有这些思想在《茶叶全书》引用中只是被简单地一语蔽之:“谽”是一种生铁铸造的锅(Aboilermadeofpigironorwroughtiron.)。生态文化元素的精准同样可能会使异国作者的引用存在某些理解偏差。《茶经》原文第三章“茶之造”开篇首先介绍了采茶的时间:“凡采茶,在二月、三月、四月之间。”这显然是农历春季,而在《茶叶全书》中都变成了阳历。尽管WilliamUkers很有心地将月份向后推了一个月,但时间的精准度上依旧留有偏差。而到了“三月三”这类中国特有的时间表达法上,WilliamUkers就更显无奈,只用一个上限词“春季”就概括了。此外,《茶经》语言优美,结构整饬,短短七千余字中就有诗歌、散文、典故、药方等多种文体,可惜的是,这种语言修辞的美也没能在《茶叶全书》中得以再现,其译本只是将文本浅层次的意义传递出来,语言不免单调平淡。《茶经》第七章“茶之事”中的很多茶人轶事、晋朝左思《娇女诗》、张孟阳的《登成都楼》等韵味悠远的茶诗直接删除,使得《茶经》这最具文化色彩的第七章幅度大减。这样的引用方法,加之作者在第二小节中将陆羽介绍成“中国的浪漫喜剧家”,这很可能会造成目标语读者对陆羽的片面认识,《茶经》也因而失去它作为一本独立著作所具备的深层的文化蕴意和瑰丽的文学色彩。

三、结语

饮茶文化范文第3篇

关键词:体育教学;茶文化;引入;应用

在人们日常生活中茶具有极为重要的地位,古代文人雅士认为品茶是生活中的乐趣,具有陶冶情操和性情的作用。伴随着饮茶的日益盛行,我国茶文化也得到了快速发展,茶文化具备极为丰富的文化内容,影响着人们的日常生活。我国社会经济发展进程不断加快和社会水平不断上升,当前社会人们对于生活质量提出了更高要求,体育活动也逐渐受到人们重视。在体育活动中人们不仅能够锻炼身体还能培养兴趣爱好,具有积极的意义。当前社会人们越来越重视体育活动,这使得传统体育教学已经无法满足需求,因此当前体育教学的主要任务是不断革新体育教学模式和内容,从而提升学生身体素质和思想素质。

1在体育教学中引进茶文化的可行性

1.1具有文化基础

一是从表面上看虽然体育教育和茶文化一动一静没有太大关联,但实际上两者都具备有文化属性。在漫长历史发展过程中体育和茶文化具有许多文化交际特点,譬如体育与茶文化都和文学、诗歌、绘画有密切的联系,具有民族文化特色和文化精神内涵,因此体育和茶文化在文化上具有很大关联。二是茶文化与体育文化具备着类似思想基础。茶文化蕴藏着儒家思想、道家理论、佛家等哲学思想,注重人与自然的相协调,而体育文化教学也非常注重人和自然的和谐相处,开展体育活动时需要遵守环境法则,体育教学需要充分考虑所处环境和气候。茶文化和体育教学在哲学思想基础上具有人和自然相协调的相似性,规范着文化参与者的行为准则。在饮茶过程中重视雅、静、养、道等,而武术体育要求静、养、悟、道等,两者都要求文化参与者调整自身行为和思想修养。三是体育文化和茶文化都具备着大量参与群体,两者具备着相同文化参与者,能够实现两种文化融合,从而构成独具特色的文化现象。

1.2有助于培养生活趣味

我国茶文化是由悠长历史传承和发展演变而成的,集聚着我国民族文化精神和内容,茶文化代表着社会人们勇于追求美好生活的精神,从品茶中人们可以获得心灵上的宁静,并让人们远离喧闹的社会,安静地去思考人生,我国传统茶文化不仅能够提升人们思想素养,还能够提高生活趣味。随着茶文化的不断发展,饮茶习惯也逐渐形成,人们在慢慢品茶中可以感受到品茶趣味,并能切实感受到生活中随处可见的快乐。在体育教学中融入茶文化不但能够提升高校学生生活趣味,而且还能够传承和发扬我国传统茶文化内涵。学生在茶文化精神内涵影响下,更加重视体育教学活动,并将体育教学活动当做是生活乐趣和享受。在体育教学实践活动中发现,部分学生极其厌恶体育活动,并且可能产生各种厌烦情绪。因此在体育教学活动中融入茶文化有助于提升学生体育教学活动的积极性和兴趣,并能积极融入到体育实践活动中去。

1.3精神文化内涵存在相似性

在高等院校教育教学过程中,不但需要注重学生思想和专业知识的培养,还需要重视学生思想素质培养,只有具备强健的体魄,才能拥有良好的学习状态,因此对高等院校学生来说日常体育教学是非常重要的。高等院校开展各项体育教学活动,主要是为了增强学生身体素质,从而为社会培养出更加优秀的人才。在体育教学实践活动中学生不仅能够锻炼身体,还能拥有良好心态去面对生活中的各种困难。加强体育教学有助于培养学生积极向上的学习心态,从而以良好的心态进行学习。在悠长历史演变过程中,茶文化具备了许多文化内涵和精神内涵,加强对茶文化的认知有助于学习茶文化精神内涵,从而培养积极向上的心态。茶文化涵盖着平和的人生世界观以及平和人生态度,通过了解茶文化能够学习其平和处事态度和积极向上的精神。从表面上看体育教学与茶文化相差甚远,但是两者实质内涵却有着极为相似之处,都能够培养人们高尚情操,并保持着积极向上的精神状态,两者都具备着这样的特性。因此,在体育教学中融入茶文化能够推动体育教学的发展。

2茶文化引进体育教学的现状

体育文化和茶文化虽然具有许多关联性,但实际上我国体育教育和茶文化发展方向始终处于平行线上,两者之间的融合仍然存在许多问题,表现为以下几个方面。

2.1体育教学没有正确认识茶文化

高等院校教育教学过程中认为体育教学属于运动文化,而茶文化则是属于静态文化,两者之间不存在关联性,并且没有考虑到体育教学和茶文化两者在文化上的相似性和共同点,部分高校体育教学认为茶文化对于体育教学是不利的,对运动员奋斗激情和学习积极性产生消极影响。

2.2当前在体育教学中引进的茶文化元素形式相对单一

当前的体育教学没有将所有的茶文化元素引入到体育教学实践活动中去,一些省份在体育教学中虽然逐步引进茶文化元素,但是只是在体育活动调养阶段引入,无法让茶文化贯穿到体育教学活动的各个环节。

2.3当前体育教学尚未建立和茶文化关联的教学制度和体系

许多区域体育教学没有对茶文化和体育教学关联性展开深入研究,对茶文化和体育文化的文化内涵和哲学思想以及价值功能等都不太了解,难以将茶文化真正贯彻到体育教学中去。茶文化具有生命力旺盛以及延伸面广等特点,因此在体育教育教学中引进茶文化有助于推动着体育教学的快速发展,对于创新体育教育教学有着促进的作用。

3茶文化在体育教学中的应用

为了全面革新体育教学和茶文化发展的基本现状,应当加强对体育教学和茶文化的了解,认识到体育文化与茶文化的共同特性,并以创新思维来不断考虑体育文化和茶文化的结合。

3.1体育教育教学应当积极引进“茶文化植入”思想意识,并继承和发扬传统文化

体育文化工作者应当加强对传统文化的认识,以传承我国优秀的民族文化,并将茶文化精神内涵贯穿到体育教育教学过程中,不断创新我国体育教育教学形式和内容。同时体育工作者应当充分认识到体育教学和茶文化的整体系统性,只有两者相互结合才能发挥出真正的作用。体育教育教学和茶文化结合应当呈现动态发展,结合不同地域的文化特色以及基本需求等不断发展变化,从而让茶文化和体育文化结合适合更多的人群。此外在体育教育教学中引进茶文化的基本目的是为人服务,体育文化和茶文化相互结合应当始终坚持以人为本,并将体育文化学习者和茶文化学习者始终放在第一位置,提高学习者的认知能力和接受能力,学习者在体育学习过程中不仅能够获取体育技能,还能够获得更多的文化知识以及精神内涵。

3.2将茶文化引进体育教育教学过程中,应当明确技能以及综合素养教育教学的基本目标

在实际体育教育教学过程中融入茶文化代表着两者在教学中都是极为重要的,因此应当注重体育教学和茶文化的相互结合。体育文化和茶文化在结合过程中涵盖着许多传统民族文化内涵以及精神内涵,因此在体育教学过程中不仅需要注重体育技术教育教学,还需要加强文化培养,从而让中国体育更具有丰富民族文化特色。应当将茶文化作为体育发展的基础和方向,并不断继承和发扬我国优秀的传统文化。在体育文化和茶文化的相互结合中不仅要传扬传统体育文化知识,还要继承和发扬我国传统茶文化精神内涵。此外体育文化教学者应当加强对体育动作的了解,熟练掌握教育教学动作技术,还应当加强对体育用品、标志、服饰及其他行为规范的了解,从而更好地进行体育教育教学工作。与此同时体育工作者还应当加强对茶文化内涵精神的了解,充分将茶文化内涵挖掘出来。茶文化和体育文化具有着许多共性,譬如审美观、内涵精神、价值观等,在体育教育教学中充分融入茶文化能够实现体育教学现代化,从而继承并传扬传统茶文化和民族文化。

3.3现代体育教育教学中积极引进茶文化思想和内涵,应当和茶文化充分结合在一起,从而形成具有民族文化的体育教学形式

现代体育结合茶文化教学应当充分利用现代化技术,其中可以利用网络技术和现代化多媒体技术展开茶文化民族体育教学,从而推动茶文化在体育教育教学中的发展。通过现代技术将茶文化和体育文化呈现在学生眼前,让学习者能够加强对体育文化和传统茶文化的了解。譬如在体育教学中结合各种茶文化舞蹈,通过互联网向学习者展现不同地区的茶舞蹈以及茶服饰等,让学习者能够从生动形象的视频动画效果中感受到茶文化精神内涵。此外体育教育教学中引进茶文化还可以通过体验式方式来加强学习者对茶文化的了解,从各项体育运动中学生不但能够加强学生对动作形体的锻炼,而且还能够加强对茶文化的认识。在体育教育教学实践活动中融入茶文化,始终要以茶文化作为教学指导思想,并充分结合茶文化历史以及体育文化,充分调动体育学习者的学习兴趣和热情,再让体育动作和民族文化互相联系,通过舞蹈、竞技等多种形式来不断展现出体育教学和茶文化的相互共性。

3.4在体育教育教学过程中积极引进茶文化就必须构建完善的跟踪反馈体制

要充分了解体育学生的心理变化和生理变化,并结合学生实际反应灵活运用茶文化到体育教育教学实践活动中去,并构建独具民族文化特色的体育运动形式,但实际上该种结合方式仍然处于创新性探索阶段,需要经过长期实践才能应用。在体育教育教学中引进茶文化和民族文化是较为长期的过程,因此就需要对体育学生在参与过程中的各项生理指标以及心理指标等进行相应量化统计,经过各项数据对比,不断完善茶文化引进体育教学体制,从而继承和传扬我国传统民族文化。譬如赣南地区在实际体育教育教学过程中将采茶和体育健身操相互联系起来,并构建具有民族文化特色的运动方式,从而将茶文化充分体现在体育实践活动中去。并且赣南地区的采茶操中还重视对肌肉系统、呼吸系统、心血管系统和耐力以及灵敏度等多方面锻炼,经过数据统计能够不断完善采茶健身操,并能够在体育教育教学中融入茶文化,并构建具有民族文化特色和地域特色的体育教育教学形式,从而继承和传扬着我国优秀的茶文化。在进行茶文化体育教学引入中,应充分将茶文化的基本特点表现出来,将体育文化和茶文化紧密的结合起来,不断完善体育教育教学机制和体系,从而建立起以茶文化为核心,建设具有茶文化特色的体育教学形式,以推动着茶文化和体育文化的发展,由此看来,在教育教学中引入茶文化具有积极的意义。

4结语

在体育教育教学中积极引进茶文化不仅能够锻炼学习者的身体素质,同时还有助于帮助学生全面发展,极大提升学生的生理素质和心理素质,这对于现代体育教育教学创新发展有着极为重要的意义。在体育教育中引入茶文化需要注重革新教学方法和形式,让学习者充分感受到茶文化精神内涵,并有效提升学生体育学习热情和积极性,从而促进现代体育教育教学的快速发展。

参考文献

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[2]赵华清,李大龙.中学体育课程改革的几点思考[J].内江科技,2016(4):104-105.

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饮茶文化范文第4篇

1茶文化和音乐之间的历史渊源

中国的茶文化发展历程源远流长,历史底蕴极其深厚,是经过数千年历史洗礼留下来的精华,发展至今依然被人们广为推崇。认真回想书籍中有关采茶、饮茶方面的诗词歌赋不难发现,茶文化和音乐早已被古人融合在了一起,并被历代人们所传颂。比如,大家熟知的《行香子•茶词》、《宿杜曲花下》、《鹧鹄天•汤词》等作品,都提到了琵琶、笛子、古筝等一系列古典乐器的应用。与此同时,当代茶楼中经常播放的音乐也均以古典歌曲为主,奉行了“茶适合净室与古曲”这一从古到今永不改变的文化与旋律。茶艺与茶道即是能够培育人们精神情操的艺术形式,也是能够培养人们审美情趣的美学形式。因而,茶道学习不仅可以利用沏茶、赏茶增进茶友间的沟通与友谊,[1]同时,还能够通过品茗让自己树立求真、温婉、廉洁、清和的高尚情操。另外,茶道作为能够提升气质且极具意义的美学仪式,同古代文人、墨客等儒雅之士所提倡的儒家、道家与佛家的茶文化精神不谋而合。茶文化和音乐是相生相容的关系,如我们熟知的采茶歌。来源于日常生活但又高于日常生活的采茶歌,经过发展又衍生出了采茶舞、采茶戏等,且这些极具特色的民间艺术都已成为中华传统文化的主要构成部分。尤其是采茶戏,其为我国有且仅有的独特剧种。即便是在现代生活中谈论到茶文化和音乐的相容相生时,很多人也会想起一些经典的传统采茶歌,如《请茶歌》、《采茶舞曲》等。当然,当代音乐在吸收传统茶歌的基础上,也极其重视对其的发展与创新,促使茶文化和当代音乐不断发生碰撞和交流,推动了茶文化在当代音乐教育中的更好发展。比如,在精湛的茶艺表演中,将水从壶中倾斜而注到茶杯中的动作,配之以古典曲目《高山流水》,可以让整个画面充满诗情画意,营造浓厚的文化氛围与艺术环境。

2茶文化在当代音乐教育中的重要价值

2.1增强审美感知力

音乐属于声音艺术的一种,也是情感最为丰富的艺术形式。因此,采茶戏、茶诗歌、茶艺表演等各种茶文化在当代音乐教育中的应用,不仅要蕴含深厚的审美意境与茶道精神,而且还要增强动作的“神韵”与美感度,这样学生才能通过聆听与观赏真切感悟到茶文化的精神内涵及美的享受。[2]伴随着学生在音乐知识方面的不断积累与提升,促使学生对音乐的表达方式产生了更多理解,也更易于把握音乐作品中蕴含的茶道精神、表达意境等,进而提升其审美感知力。

2.2有效拓展想象力

从某种角度去讲,丰富的想象力主要是指从对象的表现形式中获取更为广阔的思考与想象空间。将茶文化应用于当代音乐教育中,不仅能够有效帮助学生体验美、发现美以及拓展美,获得丰富的情感体验,深化学生对人生、对生活的感悟,增加想象的弹性空间,而且有助于学生通过音乐科学表达自己的内在情感,深入理解与把握音乐作品的本质内涵与文化蕴意。例如,在当代音乐教学中学习作品《十二月采茶》时,蕴意饱满的曲词不仅仅能让学生体会到茶农愉悦欢快的心情与奋发向上的积极态度,虽有无奈但却毫不气馁的伟大精神,更为关键的是能让学生在此基础上对茶园的景象、茶农的情感及辛勤劳作的画面等展开丰富的想象,让学生在欣赏美、感受美的同时,还能有效拓展想象力。

2.3建立健全高尚人格

茶自古就被中华民族视为高尚情操与健全人格的重要象征符号。因而自古至今数不清的文人骚客均是在茶的陪伴下洞悉事故人情,领悟清净为怀、虚怀若谷的道理,将茶作为支撑自己精神家园的重要支柱,当然也创作出了一部部脍炙人口的茶诗词、采茶戏、茶歌曲等。在当代音乐教育中引入这些与茶息息相关的作品,对学生深入理解茶文化内涵与音乐本质有极大帮助。[3]古代人们对茶味、茶秉性的解读实质是对茶的意蕴与精神的赞美,是为了塑造更为高尚的品质与人格,是为了树立正确的价值观与人生观。所以,在当代音乐教育中运用茶文化,可以让学生认识到自身的不足并及时予以改正,对促进学生的人格健全与道德情操塑造具有积极的推动作用。

3茶文化在当代音乐教育中的运用路径

3.1增加教材的茶文化内容比重

在我国的中小学教育阶段,音乐课程常被列为“副科”,始终处于教育的边缘地位,所采用的音乐教材也是长期未得到调整与创新的陈旧教材。但是,伴随着时代的发展演变,音乐内容却在不断变化,如果一直沿用传统教材开展教学,不仅会使教学效果大打折扣,而且会降低学生的音乐学习兴趣。为实现茶文化的有效应用,需要相关人员紧扣茶文化对当代音乐教材进行改进与创新,适当增加教材中的茶文化内容比重。譬如,在教材中详细介绍我国各地区比较经典的采茶歌,将茶艺、茶道与当代音乐教育内容相融合,提升学生对我国茶文化的认知与了解,最大程度地发挥茶文化对当代音乐教育的带动作用。只有在当代音乐教育中注入更多的茶文化内容,才能让学生对茶文化在当代音乐教育中的价值与应用路径有更为清晰的理解,也才能真正发挥茶文化在当代音乐教育中的积极作用。

3.2发挥多媒体的音乐教育功能

新时代的多媒体技术发展十分迅速,已被广泛应用到包括学校在内的多个领域,多媒体教学已成为现代教师进行教学的重要辅助手段,有利于促进当代音乐教学内容的积极开展。根据近年来的调查数据显示,诸多音乐教师仍以“唱练结合”的传统教学方式为主,这种单一的、机械的教学模式缺乏专业性,而且易于出现走音、气息不稳等现象。[4]然而,多媒体作为集声音、图像、文字、视频等多种元素于一体的现代化科学技术,如果当代音乐教师能够充分发挥多媒体技术的功能与作用,将多媒体技术应用于教学之中,不仅可以提高音乐示范的精准性与逼真性,而且丰富多彩的教学画面可以有效激发学生的学习兴趣与动力。具体而言,可以在课堂教学过程中播放有关茶文化音乐的音频、视频以及有声读物等,从而提高学生的直观认识,帮助学生深入了解茶文化在当代音乐教育中的重要影响力。

3.3开设茶文化的音乐欣赏课程

在当代音乐的课堂教学中,我们可以选取不同朝代中极具特色的有关茶的舞蹈、歌曲或词曲等作品,以此当作茶文化的音乐欣赏课程的重点内容。例如,《茶歌》、《全唐诗》、《西山兰若试茶歌》、《茶中杂咏序》等。同时,茶歌的一个重要来源是由民谣改编而成的歌曲,即民谣经过文人墨客的整理、配曲与雕琢,再放置于民间进行传唱,如在明清时期广为流传的茶歌曲《贡茶鲥鱼歌》;同时茶歌还有一个重要来源,即由茶工和茶农自己创编而成的山歌或民歌等,如在清代的武夷山采茶区广为流传的劳工歌等。通过鉴赏这些描述茶文化的音乐曲目,可以增强学生的歌词理解力,提升学生的音乐学习效率,感悟到歌曲的内在魅力与文化气息。[5]另外,当代音乐教师在茶文化的音乐欣赏课堂上,还应积极引导学生针对茶文化的赏析及见解进行讨论,充分发挥自身的想象力与创造力,深切领会中国茶文化的浩瀚与精深。开设该课程的重要目的是鼓励学生学习鉴赏茶文化音乐的内容和方法,初步具备基础的文化赏析水平与能力,促使学生将自己对人生的领悟、文化的认知以及自然的万物等融入到当代音乐的学习之中,进而创作出经典的、触动心灵的现代音乐。

3.4重视实践活动的科学合理组织

加强茶文化在当代音乐教育中的实践性教学活动,可以帮助学生提高茶文化的音乐选择水平与能力。学生在当代音乐教学中学到丰富的茶文化知识之后,已经对茶艺表演中的音乐选择、音乐形式等有了系统性的了解,此时就需要音乐教师有目的、有计划地引导学生参与音乐实践活动。从本质上讲,音乐实践就是在学生了解音乐内涵的基础上,感悟音乐中的茶文化精髓,实现音乐感知与音乐能力升华的一系列过程。科学有效开展当代音乐教育实践活动,有助于帮助学生通过音乐与茶文化学习,更好的树立形象思维和鉴赏思维。诸如,教师可以举办赏乐茶会、音乐茶谈会、茶音乐竞技等实践活动,对学生应用茶文化的音乐能力进行系统化、集中化的训练,对学生的艺术品位进行层次化的练习,甚至可以通过举办音乐欣赏茶会等活动,全面展示参与实践活动的学生的实际训练成果。[6]这种实践模式,既能让学生积极主动的参与到当代音乐的学习之中,还有助于教师形成学生学习成果记录,对学生的整体学习状况进行全方位的把握,从而为提高当代音乐教育的针对性发挥重要功能。更为重要的是在此学习过程中,广大学生通过实践活动,结合茶艺表演的具体类型,选用最为合理的音乐曲目,然后在音乐茶会活动中进行表演,不但可以让学生充分展示自己,而且能提升教学质量与成效,激发学生的学习主动性与积极性,提高学生的表现力、创造力以及审美能力等。

总而言之,历经数千年的茶文化,不但是中华民族的文化瑰宝,还是全人类文化的主要组成部分,同时中国茶文化还影响着英国、日本等国家的茶文化形成。当代音乐教育如果能够将茶文化科学引入到课程之中,则可以有效巩固茶文化在当代音乐教育中的重要地位和功能。从微观视角去看,有利于提高学生的感知力与审美力,有益于培养学生的创造力与想象力,有助于增强学生的道德情操与整体素养;从宏观视角去看,也是传播与发扬中国茶文化的主要路径,对提高整个社会的品德素质、人文素养以及精神文明等有突出作用,更有助于提升中国文化在国际舞台上的影响力。

作者:王芳 单位:河南理工大学音乐学院

参考文献

[1]曾竹娥.浅议音乐教学的生活化取向———以赣南采茶戏教学为例[J].群文天地,2012(11).

[2]杨韶军.粤北采茶戏及其音乐歌舞特色[J].韶关学院学报(社会科学),2012(09).

[3]陈茶凤.茶文化学科音乐课开设的意义和教学设计[J].产业与科技论坛,2015(08).

[4]林晓洁.不可替代的魅力———浅谈茶文化与艺术的联系[J].文学界(理论版),2011(02).

饮茶文化范文第5篇

Marriage occurs in the human society since the dawn of time, marriage is the foundation of a family, and also is the foundation of society, which combines males with females to form a stable and sustained relationship. In the human history, the origin of civilization is along with the evolution of marriage. In other words, the evolution of marriage improves the human society to develop step by step. In the traditional China society, once two people get married, they will not be allowed to get porced. Marriage like a holy contract among couples, and two people should be responsible to each other. However, in the different era, the culture of marriage is very different. In the feudal society, marriage was determined completely by parents, and the groom and bride have no chance to choose their own freedom of marriage. But following the development of society, the concept of marriage is gradually changing, marriage become more and more opened and free. Nevertheless, in contrast with America, there are many concepts of marriage which are greatly different. So, the essay through analyzing these differences digs up the reasons of difference between China and America.

1. The cultural backgrounds of Marriage in Chinese and American.

In the traditional China social, marriage sometimes is shackle for women and will determine a woman’s fate in her entire life. Once woman get married, she have no right to porce with her husband. Only her husband can porce with her. Even her husband is addicted to alcohol, gamble or have other lover outside. So in the old days, these women’s fates are very miserable, because moral principles force them to obey their father, old brothers, husbands and grownup son. Woman’s marriage is completely appointed by her parents and old brothers. When her husband porce with her, she will face the morality denounce. While in the American history, marriage is a private matter and no one can intervene without permit. They have the right to live with the person they like. But once they find that their marriage is a mistake, they will make the second choice, because it is brutal to force two people who don’t love each other any more to live together.

2. Engagement.

In china, when a man wants to engage to his girlfriend, generally, he will give his future wife a betrothal ring as a symbol of their engagement. Besides, he will go to visit his future parents-in-law. If his girlfriend’s parents think he is reliable and is able to make their daughter happy in the future, they will permit the man’s proposal, but the man often has to give his future parents-in-law a considerable amount of betrothal presents. If not, his girl’s parents usually oppose to marry daughter to the man, because they think the man is poor and their daughter will not be happy with the man without material base. After the marriage get the permission of their both parents. The engagement is successful. Therefore from engage to get married. The man will spend a large number of money. Nowadays, in china, the expenditure of marriage become a huge pressure for man, because girl choosing to marry to a man, largely depend on whether the man have a commodity house or have a car. However, the price of house in china is unbelievable high, most of they can not afford to buy a house in city with their very low salary.

While in America, when people fall in love with each other, they will go to the other’s family to meet the future parents-in-law, and to adapt to the other’s family. When a man proposes to a woman, then if she promises the proposal, they will immediately arrange the time of their parents’ meeting. In general, a man will give an engagement ring to his fiancée. It is enough in the materials about marriage. Woman needn’t have to marry with man who has houses, cars and deposit books. She just gets married just because of love. Not according to man’s wealth.

3. Difference on wedding between China and America.

The largest difference in wedding between China and America, on the one hand, is the difference of Color of wedding. In China, on the wedding day, red is all the color, Bride dress up red cheongsam to marry with groom. The doors, windows, and all kinds of furniture are affixed on Bright red xizi, because red represents joyfulness and prosperity in traditional china. Compared to China, in United States, White is the first choice of wedding color, and represents the purity and nobility. On the big day, both new house and church of marriage are decorated with white flowers, and all the clothes the bride dressed are white. People regard that the bride with white bridal veil symbolizes purity. On the other hand, the marriage of two countries is greatly different at the sounds. In China, people think that the more noise, the more cheerfulness, and bride and groom will get more blessings. Therefore, that day of marriage is full of the sound of firecrackers. However, the songs of the marriage are all soft and peaceful in the wedding in the United States. After the music is started, the whole church is without any other noise. Then marriage will proceed in a very grave atmosphere. In United States, on the wedding day, the bride must bring five things to Church, which is a new one, an old one, a borrowed one, a blue one, and the a sixpence in the shoes. This culture is originated from the Victorian era. And the five things mean five traditions respectively. A new one means that the bride’s latter life will be full of happiness. And the new one can be replaced by the newly-bought materials in the marriage. An old one means that the relationship and friendliness between bride and her parents will still continue. The tradition can be showed by a hereditary jewelry the bride dressed. Some brides will dress up their mothers’ old bridal veil. A borrowed one, which should be borrowed from a happy woman in marriage and the woman must be one of the bride’s relatives, Means that the old one will bring good lucky for the bride. But the borrowed one must be given back. A blue one, because in the traditional custom. Blue represents purity and loyalty, and can be embodied by the blue hem of bride’s suspenders. At last, the sixpenny in shoes means that the newly component family will be prosperous. And it also means that the bride’s bridal veil must not be sold, but can be borrowed or threw off. If not, the marriage relating money will quickly go to the end.

4. Concept of family.

In the traditional culture of China, man work outside to make money to maintain the whole family, and the woman stay at home to take care of the old, children, and husband, even though woman have done much work in the pision of family’s labor. Whereas, woman are often in the subordinative position, and haven’t right in the family. Most of women regard their husbands as the dependent of whole life. If their husband porce with them, they cannot remarry with others. Which results that a married man prefers to pursue the success of his career, rather than to pay attention to his wife, his family. There is an old story in China, the Dayu flood control. Dayu passed by the doorway of his own house for tree times, he didn’t come in home once. At the First time, his wife is ill, at the second time, his wife is pregnant, and the last one is that his wife is giving birth to his son. In order to fulfill his work of controlling water, he didn’t come in house to see his ill wife and newborn baby.

However in United States, the both sides in marriage, husband and wife are in the equal position, they have equal right to porce with each other, and porced woman can remarry with other man, without facing moral discrimination. In contrast to China, Americans usually think that family is more important than career. No matter how important work an America man is engaging. If his wife is ill or is giving birth to a baby, he will immediately put down his work. And come to his wife without any hesitation. For example, Tracy McGrady, a super star in the NBA, is playing an important match against New Orleans Jazz, during the match. he is informed that his fiancée is to be sending to hospital as severe stomach which is the sign of delivery. He immediately quit the match and hurry to the hospital to accompany his fiancée.

5. Children’s education.

The methods of children’s education between China and America exists great differences. In China, parents usually control their kids very strictly. They don’t want children to do other things except studying textbook. They even often limit children’s rest time and always ask kids to do homework and recite books all the time. Because most of parents in China think that studying well, and then get into a famous university is the only way to their children’s bright future. They never consider their kids’ ideas, and think that all they have done will be good to their kids. They hope to put kids’ life under their control tightly, only this way, their kids will not be out of the right road. All of them require their children to get high grades in the examinations. If their children failed in the exams, they will give kids a severe punishment, such as a big scold, or a furious slap, then tell kids that if they cannot get a good score next time, they will face a severer punishment. And if their children study very well and rank in the top in class, the parents often are very proud of their kids, and often show off to neighbors how good their children are in study. Parents in China less respect kids’ interests, because they think the interests will interfere study. So they often forbid children doing interested things which kids would like to do. And they also choose all kinds of interested classes for their children only according to their own ideas, then force children to learn the these classes, without asking kids’ advices. So in China, Children have no freedom, they can’t decide their own things, their fate is arranged by their parents. While in America, the situation is very different with China, parents treat their own kids like a grownup, and give kids the freedom of choosing their own interests and life. When children like to do something, the parents often support them and try to lead them to succeed in their interests. Although the parents hope their children have a good performance in school. They don’t think the grade in studying is the only way to leverage their children’s ability and genius. The parents are willing to cultivate their children a certain skill or interest, other than purely studying. Therefore, they give kids the equal position in family. And never force children to do something which children don’t want to do. The parents in United States value to cultivate kids’ independent and creativity, they make kids go out to make their only allowance. So, in America, kids have rights of deciding their own things, and stay in an equal position with their parents. When kids gown up, they have a strong independent consciousness and the ability of independent thinking. However in China, when they separate themselves from their parents’ control, they will lose the ability of earning one’s own living, and lose judgement in daily life.

转贴于 6. Influences of Economical Factors in Marriage.

Generally, the happy index of marriage largely depends on the wealth of a family. A rich family often can provide a good and constant influence in marriage, because advanced material conditions make couples be more satisfied about the marriage, and couples will have more time and money to enjoy their marriage, they can spend a sweet honeymoon without worrying about expenditures in travel, and can also avoid the quarrel about property in family. In China, many couples porce because of the lack of material base, a woman porce with her husband, due to husband can’t make enough money to satisfy the wife’s all kinds of material appetites to a large extent. Hence, man in the marriage usually suffers from the bigger pressure than woman in China. Once a man failed in his business or his career, and then cannot make more money to provide a good living level for his wife. The wife will be tired of his husbands and think that his husband is unable, and yet the husband symbolizes an authority in the traditional China society and is hard to stand his wife’s contempt, eventually, following the failure of a man’s business, the family’s discord and contradiction are consequent. Therefore, no matter in the traditional China society or in the modern China society, a woman is willing to marry with a man, in general, not because both of them deeply love each other, but the woman want to find a man which can give her a lifetime’s reliance. So the economic conditions of the family will largely determine the happiness and endurance of marriage. In China, because before two people married, their both property will be shared together, thus, the situation often cause many quarrels about economy in family. However, In China, there is a words, “if once a man got lots of money, he will become a bad guy”, which means that when a man makes a big fortune, he will go outside to look for other woman. In fact, this circumstance is often found in the adult successful man. While in America, the situation of the influence of economy is very different with China. In United States, because woman and man are very equal in the America society, woman need not rely on her husband in economy, many unmarried and married women have their own work and can make a living by their own hands. Therefore many America couples porce, not because of the contradiction of money, but the discord of affection, or the extinguishment in love. Before two people married, they will notarize their respective properties. In case the couples porced, they can have their own properties, which avoid many unnecessary wrangles in assets. But it cannot work in China, because China woman thinks that if she marries with a man, so the man should give his all things to her. 7. The difference on the concept of porce.

In the traditional China society, Divorce is very rare in the feudal society. The core elements of Confucianism require people to live with nature harmoniously, value the harmony in the whole society, and regulate the society as a trenchant society rank. Therefore the concept of porce does not accord with the Confucianism. Due to the limitation of traditional culture, Chinese take marriage very seriously, most of them married once in their lifetime. Couples will not porce, even that there is not any affection existed between them. Because the concept of family occupied huge position in their minds, if the family broke down, it will relate children’s education. Another reason is that the traditional China society looks down on porced women. Therefore, women didn’t want to porce with their husbands, no matter how bad their husbands treat them. Some women even committed suicide after they are abandoned by their husbands. However, long with the society developing, the concept of traditional marriage has changed so much, Divorce in China never looked as a shamed thing to woman, who can not only choose to marry with her loved, but also can be fee to porce her husband, if she thinks that it is not necessary to continue the marriage anymore. So, nowadays in China, there are more and more unhappy marriages which end up with porce, instead of maintaining the marriage distressfully. Every year, about thirty percent of couples porce. In contrast to China, in America, two people getting married are very free, and porcing is also very free, which results that the porce rate is very high in America, it is about fifty percent. Because America is a country which values the freedom very much, American is less limited by moral ideas. They want to do what they love, not to do what others ask them to do. Laws in the United States encourage the porce in some degree. For example, some states in America have very loose laws about porce, so couples are easy to porce because of the convenient and express procedure of porce.

Conclusion

The marriage Concept between Chinese and American is very different in the main several aspects. In the old days, Family’s stabilization was regard as the base of a sound and health society. So the traditional culture in China emphasizes the stable marriage, which is controlled completely by the old generation. The youngsters haven’t any freedom to choose happiness in marriages. They have to obey their parents’ decision. But along with the society developing and the living level improving, Chinese are more desired to have the all kinds of freedom, including the freedom of marriage. In the twenty-first Century, the new generation largely liberates from the shackles of Feudal ideas. They hunger for deciding their own life. Gradually, the concept of marriage is developed to a large extent, and more and more close to the western concept of marriage. As in the America, the people in the country do their utmost to pursue their own freedom, equality, and justice. They don’t hope any inpidual, organization or political system to constrict them to have the right of realizing their desires. American believes that all men are created equal, and democracy is the base of freedom in their country, the democracy exists not only in the society, but also in the every family. That is why free love is so prevailing in United States. Totally, the backgrounds of two different cultures determine the different concept of marriage. But it is certain that as the global integration and China’s entry into the world gradually, the concept of marriage between China and America will be more and more oncoming, opened and free.

Bibliography

[1] Ollie Pocs, marriage and family, Dushkin Pub. Group,1993.

[2] Metcalf, Jill. marriage by design. Dorchester Publishing Co,1993

[3] Edwards, John N., Demo, David H. marriage and family in transition. Ally and Bacon,1999.

[4] Cox, Frank D. human intimacy, Wadsworth Publishing Co.1990.

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