阿迪吊丝

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阿迪吊丝范文第1篇

【Key words】media coverage； CDA discourse； language

1. Introduction

The debates over nations’ claims to territory have always been contentious and are supposed to be among the most prominent sources of conflict between states （Suganuma， 2000）. In the East Asia， the dispute since early 1970s between China and Japan over a tiny group of islands， known as the Diaoyu Islands in Chinese or Senkaku Islands in Japanese has become a typical example of this irredentist arguments between nations. Viewers were bombarded with considerable continuous news report in different types of media worldwide， for example， American media and Korean media. By critically analyzing and making contrast with media coverages from the United States and Korea， with the principle of two approaches of media analysis―critical discourse analysis and myth， this study serves to explore in depth the different attitudes and ways of American and Korean media coverages when reporting controversy dispute between states.

2. Methodology

Three different sources of different genres―news stories and columns concerning this dispute including the American and Korean will be analyzed using theoretical framework critical discourse analysis and myth. According to Fairclough （1995， 1989）， “critical discourse analysis” （CDA） is a way of defining discourse as “a form of social practice”. He also argued that all linguistic usage encodes ideological inclinations （Fairclough， 1992）. Besides， another contributor of CDA approach Van Dijk（1998） asserted that ideologies moulded the basis of the social representations and practices of group members， their discourse in turn serve as the means of ideological production， reproduction and challenge. Additionally， the approach Myth will be used to analyze pictures. In Roland Barthes’s book Mythologies， he gives a definition： “myth is a system of communication， that it is a message. It is a mode of signification， a form”（Barthes， 1972， p.109）. He also suggests that as a type of communication， mythology can be served as the study of semiology.

3. Analysis

The first news report is taken from the Christian Science Monitor， an American independent international news organization. On the 5th of March in 2013， it has been 4 months since the dispute over the“nationalize”of Diaoyu island， Peter Ford， a staff writer posted an article as a comment on this unresolved issue. The first paragraph as follows： “Japan and China remain deadlocked in a potentially disastrous game of chicken over their rival territorial claims”（Ford， 2013）. Peter termed the dispute as a disastrous game of chicken. This use of rhetorical figure―simile is intended to emphasize the opinions of speakers and then influence the opinions represented in the models of recipients （Giles & Coupland， 1991； Scherer & Giles， 1979）. In American culture， the game of chicken， also known as the hawk-dove game is the game which most teenagers play. The principle of the game is that while each player prefers not to yield to the other， the worst possible outcome occurs when both players do not yield. This simile is used to negatively describe the unresolved dispute between China and Japan， namely， the irrational intransigence of both side and the deepening crisis. This statement involving rhetorical lexical choice is a kind of dominant media frame which Americans usually adopt to keep a neutral political stance. In the first sentence， the dispatch of Chinese military force―naval vessels， surveillance ships is described as the movement of “undermine Japan’s administration” and “China’s maritime intrusions” by the author， revealing his subjective perception that it is an insidious activity aiming at posing a great threat to Japan’s administration. The lexical choice of media language which is supposed to be nearly covert operations， is seldom fully noticed by readers because its inner meaning above the threshold of consciousness.（Butt et al. 2004： 270）. This covert operations， can be employed to exert the desired influence on public opinion even to have a political effect. The use of these word bearing a negative property implies that China plays a role of invader whose behaviour is violent and threatening. Intrusion does not merely indicate a violent act， but also an illegal and unwelcomed entry. It’s not difficult to find that the author highlights the massive and illegal possessing of Chinese maritime force and indicate the victim of Japanese side. Consequently， defining Chinese movement as well as mentioning Japanese attitude in this two sentences creates an ideology for the general public that this Chinese illegal act is an infringement of Japanese’s sovereignty.

However， as a different side of world， the reports from Korean media coverage is not the same as American’s. One of articles from Korea Joongang Daily will be analyzed. On the 13th of September in 2012， a bilingual column featured a detailed introduction of Japan’s behaviour towards China for Diaoyu islands dispute and Korean for Dokdo islets issue as well as fierce comments on them. Headlined “Cards not stacked in Japan’s favor”， the author described： “At the same time， Japan has inflamed tensions with China by turning the waters around the Diaoyu islands， known in Japan as Senkaku， in the East China Sea into a conflict zone after Tokyo decided to nationalize the inhabited islands by purchasing them from so-called private owners. ”In terms of the islands’name， the author used Chinese version Diaoyu ahead of Japanese Senkaku as his first introduction of this dispute， which is a contrast of U.S. media coverage’s uninhabited rocks. It implies that Korea is prone to acknowledge the China’s sovereignty of Diaoyu islands. Moreover， when the author says “by purchasing them from so-called private owners”， he also implies that Japan’s purchase can be treated as a private purchase lacking of necessary due procedure of law. The Korean political stance is also can be reflected by the definition of Chinese maritime movement. By saying “conduct a routine monitoring of the islands”， it conveys less sentiment than U.S. version “intrusion”. Notably， from Korean perspective， it tries to justify Chinese maritime petrol and emphasize on the Japan’s illegal purchase to support Chinese. Besides， the author also adopts strategy of positive self-representation and negative other-representation as an effective device in persuasion and justification. Thus， the author’s discourse becomes more ideologically explicit so as to influence the recipients.

Based on the analysis above about this dispute， it can be concluded that the American media tended to adopt some rhetorical figures and quotation marks to keep news factual and authentic（but the inclination is still can be reflected） whereas Korean media made fierce comments on Japanese role played not only in Diaoyu dispute but also Dokdo islets tension. The reason why these two countries’s media coverage hold different ways and attitudes lies in their different political ideological orientation. Chilton （2004， p.14） asserts that “politics is very largely the use of language.”In spite of the “maximum freedom from government control and commercialization” （Whitten-Woodring & James 2012， p.116） American media enjoys， it would like to show its objectiveness and justification in news report. It is concluded that such an criticized opinion （the discourse expressing it） as contextually and politically based is to support one’s claims（van Dijk， 1983）.

4. Conclusion

A close examination of two news reports concerning Diaoyu islands dispute from the American media and Chines media under the approach of critical discourse analysis including major strategies of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation. Lexicalization and rhetorical figures and mythologies revealed that two countries’ media different attitudes and ways presented are based on the crucial role of their distinct political discourse and its product―ideological orientation. Exploring the ideological operations hidden within media coverages enables us to understand the interests of power that they serve. However， it has not been possible to cover all the aspects and latest research， so further examination of the complicated and persuasive representations of media sources will need to be conducted in future.

⒖嘉南祝

阿迪吊丝范文第2篇

笔者认为，让标语释放出“正能量”是一件很关键的事。所谓“正能量”，是指能给人积极向上和希望，鼓舞人不断追求，让生活学习变得圆满幸福的动力和感情。有“正能量”的标语，应该是积极、阳光、不功利，并能够让学生情动心动并付诸行动的。如果一条标语让学生一看就生畏惧之心，这样的标语不要也罢。好的标语应该或直白或含蓄地教给学生具体的做法，培养学生良好的学习习惯，激励学生积极向上，让学生感受生活的美好，品尝奋斗的幸福感，教给学生做人的准则，让学生学会正确地交往……总之，应该给学生一个明确而不功利的奋斗方向。

笔者九月份在浙大紫金港校区看到两条创意新颖、让人眼前一亮的迎新标语：“做一个明媚的女子，不倾城，不倾国，以优雅姿势去摸爬滚打。”“做一个丰盈的男子，不虚化，不浮躁，以先锋之姿去奋斗拼搏。”这两条标语把“做人第一”具象化了，虽有搞怪嫌疑，但能给刚跨入大学校园的学子一种精神引领。

我任教的班级有这样的标语：入门即静，入室即学。这样的标语给我很安静的感觉，在教室外学生可以玩闹，但教室应该是安静的场所。标语明确告诉高一的新生应该养成良好的学习习惯，相比那些“成功”“拼搏”之类的标语要高明。还有一条是“低下头来做事，抬起头来做人”，告诉学生低头脚踏实地地学习，是抬头自信做人的前提，对学生既有学习上的要求，又有做人准则的引领。

但是，我们见到的很多标语会有这样那样的负面导引。“吃得苦中苦，方为人上人”，这条标语可以激励人去奋斗，但带有很强的功利性，奋斗的目的是什么？难道学习就是为了出人头地吗？某中学电子显示屏出现过一句励志标语：“没有高考，你拼得过富二代吗？”把富二代与一般学生分隔开来，这样的标语会向学生传递一种社会交往错觉。还有网上疯传的一条“励志标语”：“不学习的女人只有两个下场：逛不完的菜市场，穿不完的地摊货。不学习的男人只有两个下场：穿不完的阿迪吊丝，捡不完的破瓶烂罐。”那些充斥社会、浸校园的功利、浅薄文化，会给学生带来很大的负面影响。还有的标语则夸大了学习的艰辛，弱化了学习的乐趣，“流血流汗不流泪，掉皮掉肉不掉队”“多考一分，干掉千人”，宣传“流血流汗”“掉皮掉肉”的学习，宣传人与人之间尔虞我诈的竞争，难道不让学生心寒？有的标语则从头到尾都是让人丧气绝望的字眼，“灰心生失望，失望生动摇，动摇生失败”，如果学生一天到晚置身于这样的氛围中，会有多么压抑！

当然，上述标语的缺陷是很明显的，人们都能看到其中蕴含的负面效应，更可怕的是那些披着励志的外衣，人们都认同却无法给学生任何积极暗示的假大空的标语，比如“高水平学习，高境界做人”。你知道什么叫“高水平学习”吗，你知道什么叫“高境界做人”吗？谁都说不出个所以然，所以这只是一个永远也达不到的目标。“一切为了孩子，为了孩子一切，为了一切孩子”，这条空而无当的标语能给学生多少触动？再比如，“攀蟾折桂，舍我其谁”，当中的霸气与提倡和谐的同学关系也是格格不入。

励志标语不妨更人情化一些、乐观一些、阳光一些、具体一些，真正给学生传递一些“正能量”。像“信心比黄金更珍贵，拼搏比理想更现实”“不比家境，比志气；不比基础，比进步；不比聪明，比勤奋”之类的标语，肯定更能触动学生的心灵。只有能让学生情动心动加行动的标语，才是真正直指人心的好标语。