前言:想要写出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章吗?我们特意为您整理了5篇benefit形容词范文,相信会为您的写作带来帮助,发现更多的写作思路和灵感。
一、形容词和副词的基本用法
1.形容词在句中一般作定语、表语、补语。形容词用逗号与句子隔开,在句中作状语。
【考例1】As_______(nature) architects, thePueblo Indians figured out exactly…(2015年全国卷II)
解析:natural。形容词作定语修饰名词architects。
【考例2】Hans Zhang was____(自豪的)of himself for not giving up. (2015年陕西卷)
解析:proud。be proud of“对……引以为豪”。形容词proud作was的表语。
【考例3】____(shock), I took it fromher automatically. She smiled and walked away.(2015年上海卷).
解析:Shocked。过去分词shocked用作形容词,在句中作状语。
2.副词在句中主要作状语,修饰谓语动词或系表结构。
【考例1】Abercrombie&Kent,a travel com-pany in Hong Kong, says it____(regular)arranges quick getawavs here for people…(2015年全国卷I)
解析:regularly。修饰动词arranges应用副词regularly。
【考例2】改错:How nice to see you again!Dad and l were terrible worried.(2015年全国II卷)
解析:terrible改为terribly。应用副词terri-bly修饰系表结构were worried。
【考例3】____ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. (2015年广东卷)
解析:Luckilyoluckily为副词,意为“幸运的是”。luckily在句中作状语,放在句首修饰整个句子。
【考例4】Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat____(slow) during cool nights, thuswarming the house. (2015年全国II卷)
解析:slowlyo用slow的副词形式slowly修饰动词短语give out。
二、形容词和副词的比较等级
1.平级比较
常用as_as, not as/so…as,as+形容词+as。注意区分下列固定结构:as long as“与……一样长”;as far as“与……一样远,就……而言”;as well as“与……一样好,既……又……”。
【考例】完成句子
没有哪项技术的发展像电子技术这样,对我们的社会、经济以及文化等诸多方面产生过如此重要的影响。
No other technological development has had_________as the growth of electronics on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural de-velopment. (impact)(2014年湖北卷)
解析:as great an impact/such a great im-pact。本题考查as_as结构引导的同级比较。注意as…as结构中间的名词应该置于形容词之后。
2.比较级
【考例l】While finding information is easierthan ever, at the same time, researching has be-come____complex.(2015年湖南卷)
解析:more。根据上文中的“Research has become both simpler and more complex.”可知,本空填more。
【考例2】The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term“automatic shop”is far_______(appro-priate).(2014年上海卷)
解析:more appropriate。自动售货机英语为huge outdoor vending machine,但是作者认为用术语“automatic shop”相比之下应是“较合适”,即用比较级形式。由于appropriate为多音节形容词,故前面加more。
【注1】用“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”。
【考例】The____(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! (2014年辽宁卷)
解析:harder。本题考查“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构。
【注2】“否定词十比较级”表达最高级。
【考例】翻译:没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)(2014年上海卷)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
解析:There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel pro-gram.
3.最高级
【考例1)It was____(nice) gift I’d ev-er received, and it was from a complete stranger.(2015年上海卷)
解析:the nicest。形容词最高级修饰的名词,其后常接含有完成时的定语从句。
【考例2】改错:My mum makes the betterbiscuits in the world…(2015年陕西卷)
解析:better改成best。名词biscuits后用in the world修饰,其前需要用最高级best修饰,故把better改成best。
【考例3】完成句子
这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。
This novel was once the____book in high schools in the United States. (read) (2014年湖北卷)
解析:most widely read。“阅读最广泛的书”,可译为the most widely read book。
三、倍数表达法
1.倍数+as+形容词/副词的原级+as…
2.倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than…
3.倍数+the+名词(如size, height, weight,length, width等)+of…
4.倍数+as+形容词+ al an+名词+as…
5.倍数+as many(或much)+名词+as…
6.倍数+ what从句/that of…
【考例l】It’s said that the power plant is now________large as what it was. (2013年安徽卷)
A.twice as
B.as twice
C. twice much
D.much twice
解析:A。根据空格后面的as判断,形容词large前面必须加as,倍数twice放在第一个as的前面。
【考例2】There are a small number of people involved, possibly_______twenty. (2013年江西卷)
A. as few as
B.as Iittle as
C.as many as
D.as much as
解析:A。题中people是可数名词,常用few或many修饰。
四、形容词和副词的顺序
1.多个形容词修饰名词的排列顺序是考试常考的内容,大家应该记住下列口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。
【考例】It’s a____clock,made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.(2013年上海卷)
A. charming French small
B. French small charming
C. small French charming
D. charming small French
解析:D。选项中的charming属于描绘性的,small是大小,French是国籍。
2.副词修饰形容词的特殊词序:so/as/how/that/too+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词。
【考例】I make $2,000 a week,60 surely won’t make____difference to me.
A.that a big
B.a that big
C.big a that
D.that big a
解析:D。副词that表示“那么……”修饰形容词big,相当于s0及how的用法,即that(so/how) biga difference。
五、连接副词
副词起连接作用,使前后句构成某种逻辑上的衔接。常见的连接副词有therefore, be-sides, otherwise, however, moreover, thus, mean-while等。
【考例1】Many of us were raised with the saying“Waste not, want not.” None of us,_________,can completely avoid waste in our lives. (2014年福建卷)
解析:however。根据句意可知上下文之间是转折关系,所以使用副词however表示转折,前后都需要使用逗号隔开。
【考例2】It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,____,supply more jobs. (2014年安徽卷)
A.however
B.anywhere
C. therefore D.otherwise
解析:C。本题中“we will play a greater role in the market place”与“supply more jobs”之间是因果关系,故选C。
六、表语形容词
active, afraid, alone, alive, alike, asleep, ashamed, awake, afloat, available, well. sorry, un-able, worth, sure等表语形容词并非只能作表语,也可作补足语或后置定语。possible, impos-sible, probable, necessary, convenient, inconve-nient等作表语时,常用it作主语,而不用“人”作主语。likely既可用it作主语,也可用“人”作主语。
【考例1】-Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind?
-Sorry. I returned it to the library just now.Maybe it is still____.
A. available
B.affordable
C. acceptable
D.valuable
解析:A。根据下半句中的still可知用avail-able,而affordable“支付的起的”;acceptable“可接受的”;valuable“贵重的”均不符合题意。
【考例2】Would it be__________for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the air-port?
A.free
B.vacant
C.handy
D.convenient
解析:Do it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。根据句意可知选convenient意为“方便的”。
七、形容词、副词词义辨析
1.掌握形容词、副词的基本意义或固定搭配。
【考例1】Listening is thus an active, not a________, behavior consisting of hearing, under-standing and remembering. (2015年浙江卷)
A. considerate
B.sensitive
C.reliable
D.passive
解析:Do considerate“考虑周全的”;sensi-tive“敏感的”;reliable“可靠的”;passive“被动的”。根据not可知前后是反义表达,所以选D。
【考例2】The police officers decided to con-cluct a Lhorough and____review of thecase. (2015年江苏卷)
A. comprehensive
plicated
C. conscious
D.crucial
解析:A。comprehensive“综合的,全面的,有理解力的”;complicated“复杂的”;conscious“有意识的”;crucial“至关重要的”。根据题意可知选A。
【考例3lThe girl used to be shy, but is_______getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.(2015年湖北卷)
A.gradually
B.usually
C.previously
D.merely
解析:Ao gradually“逐渐地”;usually“通常,经常”;previously“以前”;merely“仅仅”。根据题意可知选A。
【考例4】They gave money to the old people’shome either____or through their compa-nies. (2015年安徽卷)
A.legally
B.sincerely
C. personally
D.deliberately
解析:Colegally“合法地”;sincerely“真诚地”;personally“个人而言”;deliberately“故意地”。根据题意可知选C。
2.掌握一些特殊的形容词、副词用法。如修饰population用large/small,修饰price用high/low,下大雨用It rained heavily或a heavy rain;连词though, since,in case也可用作副词。
【考例l】The school was moved out of down-town as the number of students had grown too______________________________.
A.small
B.few
C.large
D.many
解析:Cothe number of“……的数量”,其后的形容词应为“大小”(large/small),不用“多少”(many/few)。
【考例2】Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky,_______?
A. though
B.also C.either
D.too
解析:A。前后两句之间是转折关系。
八、强化训练
(一)改错。找出下列句子中的错误并改正。
1. Global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
2. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.
3.I thought the biscuits were really well.
4. On the left-hand side of the class,I coulcl easy see the football field.
5. So really friendship should he able to stand all sorts of tests.
6. Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherrv tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.
7. As a result, the plants are growing some-where.
8. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
9. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
10. Don’t panic or get out of line, ancl try to remain quiet and calmly.
11. The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
12. Just then a bird was flying over us. My un-cles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.
13. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.
14. No one in the carriage had previous spo-ken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.
15. I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.
(二)完成句子 o在空白处填入适当的内容
1. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said_____(sharp), “Don’t be somean, pointing a finger of warning at her.
2. After knocking_______(polite) at the door, the applicant entered the office of the gener-al manager.
3. It’s much more________(benefit) to saysomething like,”I think we had…”
4. Team members want and think(high) of these qualities in a group leader.
5. It’s lightweight, it’s flexible, and-________important-it holds its shape.
6. Although it costs more to produce________a typical soccer ball, Jahnigen estimates the One World Football can last 30 years. So far, it’s been given to kids in 143 countries.
7.“That would be a very________(reason)thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like outs,”Nick said.
8.“But such a small thing couldn’t________(possible) destroy a village.”
9. I like it. Nothing could be________(sweet).
10. A note is often a________way to“talk”with a child than using the telephone.
11. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is________(clean) than ev-er.
12. I cannot control my body well. My legs become________(pain)
13. It was________(bravery) of Mary to quit her job and start her own business.
14. Raymond’s parents wanted him to have________(good)possible education.
15. What was so________(impression)about Jasmine Westland' s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
(三)短文填空。阅读下面材料,在空白处填人适当的内容 (1个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does l certain thing again, he is driven by an unseen force to do the same thing 2 (repeat); then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed , it is difficult. and sometimes 3 (possible) to get rid of. It is therefore very 4 (importance) that we should pay great attention to the formation of the habits.
Children 5 form bad habits, some of which remain with them 6 long as they live. Laziness, lying, stealing and so on are all easily formed bad habits. However, there are many7 habits formed in early life that are of great help. Many 8 (success) men say much of their success has something to do with certain 9 (habit)in early life like early ris-ing and honesty. We should keep 10 from all the bad habits and try to form such goocl habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
B
This morning, my neighbor called me and asked me l (anxious): “Are your dogsmissing? ”
I was filled with 2 (nervous) and im- mediately made a phone call to my wife, and then I replied with relief, “No. They 3 (stay) at home.”My neighbor is a sweet, kind and gener- ous girl with 4 0ld- fashioned heart and spirit. She bakes cookies and shares them with neighbors. rroday she found two small dogs walk-ing down the street, so she brought them home.
I then suggested places 5 she could report the missing dogs.“Most people wouldn’t do anything about them,”I said,“Many cars and peo-ple passed by them this morning, ignoring them.You did the 6 (rightly)thing.”
1 went outside to look for someone who mightbe walking 7 the street, and I expected tohear the distant cry of someone calling the dogs”names. 8 no one did this.
If l were lost,1 would hope someone would come looking for me. If l were crying alone,I9 hope that someone would stop and wipe away my tears. Why 10 9ive a little love to dogs and other creatures?
参考答案与解析:
(一)改错
1. seriously改成seriousoa verv serious prob-lem“一个很严重的问题”,修饰名词应用形容词serious。
2.去掉very。他如此喜欢它以致于他快速地走进商店。so…that…“如此……以致于……”。
3.well改成good。作表语用形容词,故well改成good。
4.easy改成easily。修饰动词see,应用副词easily。
5.reallly改成real。用形容词作前置定语,修饰名词friendship。
6 before改成agooago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”意为“距今……以前”,需和过去时或过去进行时连用;before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”,意思是“距过去某时……以前”,常和完成时连用,这里谓语动词planted用的是过去式,故用ago。
7.somewhere改成everywhere。根据句意可知把somewhere(某地)改成everywhere(到处)。
8.taste改成tasty。放在are后面,应该用形容词。and是并列连词,连接前后两个形容词。
9.wonderfully改成wonderful;tomatoes是名词,应该用形容词修饰,副词常常修饰动词。
10. calmlv改成calm。remaln为系动词,后接形容词作表语。
11. helpfully改成helpful。考查形容词与副词。and并列的是两个形容词作are的表语。
12. immediate改成immediately。修饰动词jumped,应用副词immediately。
13. closely改成close。本句“how close thehouses are”中的close本应该是在系动词are的后面,构成系表结构are close。closely是一个副词,副词通常不能和系动词连用构成系表结构。
14.previous改成previously。本句中应该使用副词previously作状语,修饰谓语动词。形容词previous通常作为定语或者表语,不能作状语。
15. noise改成noisy。本句中应该使用形容词noisy和系动词was构成系表结构,修饰车里当时的情况。同时noisy与后面的形容词短语filled with构成并列关系。
(二)完成句子
1.sharply。根据句子结构可知应用sharp的副词形式sharply意为“严厉地,毫不客气地”。
2.politely。副词politely“礼貌地”,修饰动词knock。
3.beneficial。根据句意和句子结构可知,本空应填benefit的形容词形式beneficial。
4.highly。think highly of意为“高度赞扬”。
5.most。most important意为“最为重要的”。
6.than。前面有more,故填than。
7.reasonable。应用形容词修饰名词thing。
8.possibly。应用副词修饰谓语动词de-stroy。
9.sweeter。否定词nothing后加比较级sweeter表达肯定的最高级。
10. better。根据后面的than可知,空格处应填比较级。根据空格前冠词a判断,应填以辅音开头的形容词。根据句子的前后意思及逻辑关系,填good的比较级符合题意。
11. cleaner。根据后面的比较连词than可知,这里应该用比较级,故填cleaner。
12.painful。此处为形容词作表语构成系表结构。
13. brave。用形容词原形作表语。“It is+形容词+ofto do sth”为固定句型。
14. the best。形容词最高级前加the是解题关键。
15. impressive。impressive是形容词,意为“印象深刻的”。
(三)短文填空
A
1.a。a certain表示“某一”,后接可数名词单数。
2.repeatedly。副词repeatedly修饰谓语动词do。
3.impossible。根据句意可知与difficult并列,只能用impossible。
4.important。作系动词IS的表语,应用形容词important。
5.often。孩子们经常养成坏习惯。
6.as。as long as意为“同……一样长”。
7.other。有许多在人生早期形成的其他习惯。
8.successful。作名词men的定语,应用形容词successful修饰。
9.habits。形容词certaln表示“某些”,其后接复数名词。
10. away。keep away from意为“摆脱”。
B
1.anxiously。根据下面提到的“Are your dogs missing?”可知“焦急地”问我。
2.nervousness。介词with后接名词,故填名词nervousness意为“紧张不安”。
3.are staying。根据语境可知现在正在家里,故用现在进行时。
4.an。根据句意及old-fashioned heart可知填an。
5.where。分析句子结构可知,这里是定语从句,且从句中缺少状语,故填Where。
6.right。形容词right“正确的”,作定语,修饰名词thing。
7. down/alongo walk down/along the street意为“沿着大街走”。
8.But。根据前后句意可知,前后意思表达相反,应用转折词But。
【关键词】英语写作;词汇错误;对策
【中图分类号】G622.4【文献标识码】A
【文章编号】1007-4309(2010)12-0007-2
写作能力是英语学习的四大技能之一,也是衡量学习者语言习得能力的重要标志。写作有助于学习者检验英语句法结构和词汇的使用,促进语言运用的自动化,不断巩固和内化相应的英语知识。而词汇是语言的基本材料,在写作中的作用十分重要。英国著名的语言学家Wilkins曾说过:“Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.”(没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零)。由此可见,词汇在英语写作中占有重要地位。本文主要从拼写、搭配、风格等方面分析非英语专业本科生写作中常见的词汇错误,并提出相应的对策,帮助英语学习者掌握词汇运用的规律,提高英语写作能力。
一、常见的错误分析
在国内,英语学习主要在课堂环境中有意识地进行,学习者写作中的错误难以避免。我国非英语专业本科生的写作水平相对较低,写作中的语言错误主要表现在拼写错误、词性转换、搭配不当、字面意义与内涵意义模糊不清以及语体风格混淆等方面。
(一)拼写及大小写错误
据调查,拼写及大小写错误占词汇错误的35.65%,发生频率很高。这主要是由于英语和汉语的差异较大,汉语属于汉藏语系,是象形文字,而英语属于印欧语系,是拼音文字。另外,英语学习者在写作过程中,持想当然的态度,对于没有把握的词汇不去查阅字典确认,尤其是多音节词汇,拼写错误现象更是层出不穷。
拼写错误分为语音变异型(phonological deviation)、形素变异型(graphemic deviation)及形态变异型(morphological deviation)三大类。如果错误项导致了语音上的变化,将其归入语音变异型错误,如happily错写成happly;如果错误项并没有改变目标项的语音,只是使用了不同形符来标记语音,则被归入形素变异型错误,如benefit误写成benifit;由于词形变化、构词失误引起的错误属于形态变异型错误,如struck误写成striked。
同样,大小写错误也是学习者基本功的反映。如:China(中国)写成china(瓷器),其意思发生改变。由此可见,拼写错误和大小写错误都会影响学习者的表达。随着学习者学习层次和语言水平的提高,拼写错误会逐渐减少。
(二)词性错误
词性错误是指词性混淆,不能恰当运用不同词性,常表现为:形容词当动词用,名词当形容词用,副词当形容词用,名词当动词用等。例如:
Foreign language is very importance.(名词当形容词用)
改为:Foreign language is very important.
再如:He is scare. (动词当形容词用)
改为:He is scared.
导致以上错误的原因是词性变化与后缀有关,而英语中后缀变化比较复杂。有些后缀变化引起词性变化,如:agriculture―agricultural。而有些则不引起词性变化,如:scene―scenery。
(三)用词不当或搭配不当
用词不当是指在一定上下文中从语法角度看似正确但在语义上却讲不通的词汇错误。而搭配不当是指不符合英语习以为常的搭配逻辑,常表现为动词短语、介词短语或形容词短语等。
如:The murderer was regrettable for what he had done.
改为:The murderer was regretful for what he had done.
Regrettable与regretful同根异义,用法也不一样。前者意为“令人遗憾的”,主语一般为事件;后者意为“后悔的”,主语为人。
再如:They tried to restrict him from drinking too much .
改为:They tried to restrain him from drinking too much .
例句中restrict和restrain是近义词,但具体用法和搭配不同。Restrict常与to连用,意思是“限制、约束”;而restrain常与from搭配,意思是“阻止、遏制”。
(四)字面意义与内涵意义
字面意义(denotation)和内涵意义(connotation)作为词的两个方面,即词的两个不同组成部分,有着很大的区别。前者指词的确切的、字面的意义(strict and literal meaning),后者指词的隐含的、引申的意义(implied or suggested meaning)。如:This car is a real lemon. It has broken down four times。Lemon的字面意义是“柠檬”,而其内涵意义有“很烂,很差的”意思。因此这句话的意思是“这辆汽车很烂,已经坏了四次了”。又如,He was trying to tell me how to do my job,but I soon tell him where to get off。“get off”的字面意义为“滚开,离我远儿点”,而这句话中它的意思是“哪里凉快哪呆着去”。
由于不同民族在地理、民俗、宗教及价值观念等方面的差异,同一概念的词,在各自独特的文化传统作用下必然会产生附加在词汇本身概念之上的不同的内涵意义。因此,写作过程中要想表意准确,就必须掌握一个词承载的全部语言信息量,了解其字面意义及内涵意义。
(五)语体风格
语体风格是指不同的词语适用于不同语体的风格而形成的风格色彩意义,如口语语体、书面语语体;小说语体、公文语体、散文语体等。一般来说,口语具有通俗、朴实、生动的风格;而书面语则具有文雅、庄重的语体风格,多用于正式场合、理论性强的文章等。
如:为了阻止全球变暖,政府应该制定法律制止乱砍滥伐。
To stop global warming,the government should make new laws to control the felling of trees. (口语化语体)
To curb global warming,it is imperative that our government promulgate new laws to govern the severe deforestation.(正式语体)
从上面的例子可以看出,stop,the government should…,make,control,the felling of trees为口语语体,属非正式语言。而curb,it is imperative that…,promulgate,govern,deforestation为书面语语体,比较正式。
又如,散文诗语体:
From the hell to the heaven,
There's no straight way to walk.
Sometimes up,sometimes down.
Hope creates a heaven for us,
Despair makes a hell for us. (“Life is a journey”,Jack London)
公文语体:
Dear Mr. /Ms:
Mr. Jack Baron,our personnel director,has asked me to acknowledge your application for the post of accountant and to ask you to come to see him on Friday afternoon,5th July,at half past two. I will appreciate your letting me know whether you will be able to come.
Yours faithfully
可见,散文诗语言优美,感情强烈,想象力丰富,注重意境的塑造。而公文简单明了,观点严谨、鲜明,文字朴实、庄重,注重形式与格式的规范性。因此学生在写作过程中要注意根据文章的语体风格要求,按照语体风格一致的原则选用适当的词汇。
二、解决对策
(一)大量阅读,扩大词汇量,增强语言基本功
词汇学习是英语学习的基本功。英语解构学习法认为词汇是英语学习的第一阶梯,没有坚实的词汇基础,听说读写译都无从谈起。在英语学习中,必须要注重词汇的“输入”,结合具体语境进行有效的记忆,克服想当然的态度,养成准确使用词汇的习惯。通过大量阅读,扩充词汇量,扩大知识面,掌握基本词汇的固定搭配、字面意义与内涵意义以及风格特征,增强语感,从而储备大量的语言信息。
(二)逐步培养英语思维
由于不同的地理环境、历史条件、生活方式、经济制度、政治制度以及在此基础上形成的不同文化习俗等因素,中西思维具有不同的特征。而这种思维方式的不同又决定着语言表达的差异。逐步培养英语思维,首先必须熟练掌握基本词汇的固定搭配、字面意义与内涵意义以及风格特征,运用正确的语法规则、句型及惯用法。
由此可见,应树立一种中西方思维方式差异观,在学习过程中注重英语思维方式的习得,掌握英语语言思维潜在规律的方法并有意识地克服母语思维负迁移,逐渐养成用英语思维的习惯。
综上所述,学习者应针对英语写作中存在的词汇问题,根据实际情况改进写作方法,积极探索,灵活运用,从词汇入手切实提高写作水平。
【参考文献】
[1]侯维瑞.英语语体[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[2]张在新.我国英语写作教学中的主要问题[J].北京:外语教学与研究,1995(4).
[3]程晓棠,郑敏著.英语学习策略[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
[4]李红.非英语专业学生写作中的语言错误分析[D].大连海事大学,2003.
[5]罗朝秀.大学英语写作问题分析及其对教学的启示[J].广东工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007(4).
一、 考查不定式作状语
1. 不定式作目的状语。
不定式作状语主要作目的状语,在句尾时跟句子之间不用逗号,还可以用in order to和so as to结构,通常后者不置于句首。如:
例1 ______ relieve your mother from anxiety, please write home as often as possible.
A. In order to B. So that C. So as to D. In order that
分析:选A。根据动词原形relieve知道不是句子,排除连词B和D,如果加上主语you则可以选。虽然意思都是“为了”,in order to 可用于句首和句中,但so as to 不能用于句首,排除C。句意是:尽量多给家里写信,免得你母亲牵肠挂肚。
例2(2011重庆卷)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _______ people’s concern over food safety.
A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised
分析:选A。“制作更多的电视节目”目的是为了“引起人们对食品安全的关心”,不定式表目的。C表示raise在be produced前发生,错误。
2. 不定式作结果状语。
不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果,常与only连用。现在分词表示合乎情理的结果。so / such... as to, too... to... , enough... to表结果。如:
She said that his age and position were such as to make a marriage impossible, which made him too upset to be absorbed in his work. 她说他的年龄和地位和她相差太远,所以不可能结婚,这让他心烦意乱,以至于不能专心工作。
例3 The students ran all the way up to the station, only ______ that the train had left 10 minutes before.
A. found B. finding C. to have found D. to find
分析:选D。根据ran all the way up to the station“一路跑到火车站”可以看出“火车10分钟前就开走了”是没有预料到的结果,用only to do结构,find发生在ran之后,排除C。
请比较:
(2008辽宁卷) He was busy writing a story, only _____ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped
分析:选B。此处并非是出乎意料的结果,表示与write伴随的动作,不要误选A。句意是“他正忙于写故事,时不时地停下来抽支烟”。
3. 不定式在形容词后作状语。
在部分形容词,尤其是表示感彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式作状语,表原因。如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, sorry, afraid, surprised, smile及worthy等。例如:
例4 ―There is nothing worthy _____ in today’s newspaper.
―It must have disappointed you, I think.
A. reading B. to read C. being read D. to be read
分析:选D。worthy跟不定式作状语,不定式与nothing是动宾关系,故选D。用C项需加上介词of,意义相当于worth reading,注意worth后不跟不定式。
easy, difficult, light, heavy, comfortable, dangerous, expensive, fit, impossible等形容词后接不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如:
例5 (2011福建卷) The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable____________.
A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
分析:选D。根据comfortable确定其后跟不定式,其中作状语的to是不可以省掉的,而且也要求用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
二、 考查现在分词和过去分词作状语
1. 现在分词和过去分词作状语。
作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。如句子主语是分词动作的发出者,用现在分词,若现在分词的动作先于谓语完成,则用其完成形式;如句子主语是分词动作的承受者,用过去分词,也可能是现在分词的被动形式。分词在句中作状语表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、让步、结果、条件等。如:
例1 Your father died when you were very young, _______ me with the full burden of bringing you up.
A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. being left
分析:选C。根据逗号排除A项,leave与主语your father是主动关系,用现在分词表示合乎逻辑的结果。句意是:你爹死得太早,把抚养责任都放在我的肩头。
例2 _____ into a foreign language, English is said to have given rise to a number of strange results.
A. Translating B. Having translated C. To translate D. Translated
分析:选D。translate与句子主语English是动宾关系,用被动形式。过去分词作时间状语,相当于When/After English was translated / had been translated... 。
2. 连词+现在分词/过去分词。
“连词+分词”在句中作状语,是状语从句的省略形式,要求分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。表示时间、方式、让步、条件等。如:
例3 Though ______, when he saw every household put up the couplets which were created by his hand, he felt so proud and satisfied.
A. tire B. tired C. tiring D. to tire
分析:选B。不要受从句的干扰,把从句部分when... hand去掉就会发现简单多了。Though后没有主语,tire与he是动宾关系,用过去分词,相当于Though he was tired,... 。句意为:虽然很辛苦,但看着家家户户都贴着自己写的春联,他感到自豪和满足。
三、 考查转化为介词、连词、插入语的非谓语动词
1. 作介词和连词的分词
通常分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致,但是下列分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致,却也正确,称之为垂悬分词。
(1)considering(鉴于), taking everything into consideration(account), including, according to, given(鉴于……), saving(除……之外), judging from等已经转化为介词。其中consider和judge也有跟主语保持一致的情况。如:
More than 300 soldiers and hundreds of police were sent to the disaster zone, according to the CCTV news and Xinhua. 据中央电视台和新华社消息,目前,300多名士兵及上千名警察已被派往受灾地区进行救援。
例1 ______ the peace and stability that the island needs for development, it’s not surprising that Taiwan leader Ma Yingjiu won re-election on 14th January, 2012.
A. Given B. Give C. To give D. Giving
分析:选A。根据句子无连词排除B,从句意看出give已无“给”之意,根据句意看出表原因,用介词given。故选A。句意是:鉴于台湾发展所需要的和平与稳定,再次成功当选并不让人感到惊讶。
比较:① If given more time, I could have done it better.
② Give me more time, and I could do it better.
③ Giving him more time, I’ll be scolded by the manager.
④ Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
(2) 作连词的分词providing/provided(that)... , supposing/suppose(that), given that引导条件状语从句;seeing(that)(既然), considering(that)(考虑到)引导原因状语从句。如:
例2 ______ he refused to help us, there’s no reason why we should now help him, isn’t there?
A. Seen that B. So that C. Seeing that D. To see
分析:选C。注意前后句的时态,拒绝帮助的理由是曾经被拒绝过,所以表示原因,so that和不定式都表示目的,seeing that可以引导原因状语从句。故选C。句意是:他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们,我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。
2. 作插入语的非谓语动词
generally / frankly / honestly speaking, to be honest, to tell you the truth, to make things / matters worse(更糟糕的是), to be exact(确切地说),to begin with, to do him justice(说句对他公道的话), to be sure(真的), to be frank with you(老实对你说吧),to be short, to be exact(确切地说), to conclude(总而言之), to put it briefly(简而言之), to put it in another way(换句话说), to make a long story short(长话短说), strange to say(说来也怪), needless to say(不必说)等。此类状语也称之为评注性状语。
例3 As they were about to return, a storm hit the area and blocked their way home. ______ , something unexpected happened.
A. To make things worse B. Making things worse
C. Which made things worse D. It made things worse
分析:选A。本题的关键是不要误以为不定式只可以作目的状语而排除A项,要知道A项是一个固定短语。“一次风暴阻断了他们的归途”是不幸,“遇到了意想不到的困难”则是更为糟糕的事情,to make things worse是评注性状语,意思是“更糟糕的是”。
四、 对独立主格结构中的非谓语动词的考查
独立主格结构是“n. / pron.+ v.-ing / v.-ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phr.”构成的一种独立于主句之外的结构,其中n./ pron.是后面的逻辑主语。句法上它不是句子,在句中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式或补充说明等。当用 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do形式时,要考虑与n./pron.之间的逻辑关系以确定是主动还是被动,根据时间先后确定是 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do。如:
例4 (2011浙江卷) Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
分析:根据题干的逗号确定是一个句子,排除谓语动词B和C。句子是在陈述一个事实,不是将来的事情,排除不定式的D项。故选A。是“代词+现在分词”型的独立主格结构,相当于some of which have a life span of around 20 years。
【牛刀小试】用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. ______ (judge) from the election, peaceful development of cross-Strait relations have developed from a concept to reality, ______(benefit) people from different backgrounds and ______ (recognize) by the public.
2. A moderate earthquake hit southwest China Thursday evening (June 9th, 2011), _____ (kill) one people and at least 336 people _____ (injure).
3. ______ (consider) to be the best student, he was awarded with “Three Good” Student yesterday. But in my opinion, _______ (tell) you the truth, he is not as good as _______ (expect).
4. _______ (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our mail unless we locked the dog up.
[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis
【摘 要】 广告业被认为是一条通过耗尽人类智慧赚取钱财的科学之道。很明显,广告在今天的商业世界已发挥着举足轻重的作用。广告语言能否具有诱惑力和说服力已成为关注的焦点。因此对英语广告语言系统、全面地研究,可以提高对广告的理解,构想出成功的英语广告。论文在简短地对广告,广告语言,模糊性和模糊理论进行介绍之后,主要对以下两种模糊实现形式进行分析。一、语义模糊。这一类广告通过使用模糊限制词、模糊数量词、模糊动词、修饰性形容词以及符号和缩略语等具备模糊性的语言来突破日常行为的规范,使词语在表达字面意义的同时又暗示其多重含义,形成词语含义的未定性,激发了读者的联想和想象,吸引他们的注意并提起他们的兴趣,从而对广告本身的说服力起增强作用。二、修辞格(双关、暗喻、委婉语)的使用,使广告语言更具生动,引发读者无限的想象和联想。最后结论部分中,论文对主要概念和内容做出了总结,提出了全文的局限性。
【关键字】 广告英语;模糊性;语义和修辞分析
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.
In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.
Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.
2. General ideas of advertising and its language
What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.
2.1 The definition and development of advertising
In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:
Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]
It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.
First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than inpiduals.
Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)
Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.
Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.
Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:
There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]
Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.
2.2 Features of advertising language
Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]
In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.
Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.
(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)
(2) Let the New York Times find you.
[关键词]“自然现象法” “二分法” “数字法” a部 e部 i部 o部 l(u)部
一、巧记前缀
1.利用自然现象记前缀
1)空(aero-) 例如: areoplane , aerobat , aerobatic , aerobody
2)日(helio-) heliocentric , heliogram , helioscope
3) 月(lun-) lunar , Luna , luarian , lunary
4)星(astro-) astrophysics , astronaut , astrophere
5) 云(nepho-) nephrology , nephogram , nephometer , nephoscope
6) 雨(hyet-) hyetal , hyetogram ,hyetology , hyetometer
7) 水(hydr-) hydra , hydrability , hydrant ,hydrator
8) 土(geo-) geocentric , geopolitical , geobiology , geocenter
9) 生命(bio-) biophysics , bioactive , biobalonce , biobattery
10)生态(eco-) ecosystem , ecology , ecocide , ecoclimate
2.利用二分法巧记前缀
1)内(intro/intra/in-) income , introspect ,introvert , intraoffice ,intravenous
外(out/ex/a/extra-) outlaw , example, exceed , avoid , extraordinary
2)大(macro/mega/max-) macroanalysis , macroeconomics , megadose , maximize
小(micra/mini-) microanalysis , microeconomics , microscope , minimize
3)多(multi/poly-) multichannel , multicolor , polycentric , polyphony
少(单)(mono-) monocycle , monologue , monosyllable , monorail
4)好(bene-) benefactor , benefit , benediction , beneficent
坏(mal-) maladjustment , maladministration , maltreat
5)上(super/up-) superhigh , superman , upend , upland , upright
下(under/sub-) underdeveloped , underestimate , subconscious ,
6)同(homo-) homocentric , homonym , homosexual , homophone
异(hetero-) heterodox , heterosugar , heterotype ,heterosexual
7)共同(syn-) synchronism , syndicate , synonym , synecology
反对(anti-) anti-communist , antipathy , antartic , antonym
8)高(hyper-) hyperactive , hypercriticism , hyperinflation
低(hypo-) hypocrisy , hypotension , hypothesis , hypodermic
9) 整体(pan-) Pan-American , Pantheism , Pan-Hellenic , panacea
局部(quaxi-) quasi-contract , quasi-official , quasi-war ,
10)前(pro/pre-) proceed , proclaim , produce , predict , prejudice
后(post/step/with) postgraduate , postpone , stepfather , withdraw
3.利用数字巧记前缀
4)tri=three,threefold triangle , tricar , trichord
5)quadri/tetra=four quadrennial , quadresyllable , quadruped
6)penta,quinque=five pentachord , pentagon , pentarchy , quinquevalent,
7)sex/hexa=six sexennial , sexpartite(分成六部分的)
8)sept/hepta=seven septangle , septennial, septisyllable
9)octo/octa=eight octagon , October , octosyllable
10)ennea/nona=nine nonagon , ennaton(第九节) , enneagon
11)deca=ten decade , decagen , decalogue
12)hecto=hundred hectogram , hectometer, hectoliter
13)milli=thousand milligram(毫克) , millititer , millimeter
14)mega=million megabyte(字节) , megadeath , megawatt
二、巧记单词后缀
1. a部后缀
1)― able(形,表易做……、能力、适合……的) available ,desirable ,changeable
2)― ade(名,表动作过程、状态、结果) blockade ,cannonade ,escapade
3)― age(名,表集体、地位结果) marriage ,passage ,shortage , usage
4)― al(形,有……的性质) brutal ,mortal ,punctual ,federal
5)― al(名,把动词变成抽象名词) approval ,arrival ,betrayal ,survival
6)― ain(名,表人) captain ,chaplain ,villain
7)― ant(名,表人) servant ,assistant ,emigrant
8)― aire(名,表人) millionaire , billionaire
9)― an/ian/ean(名,表人) American ,German ,European
10)― ance/ancy(名,表行为、过程、性质状态) appearance , attendance
11)― ar(名,人物) beggar ,burglar ,liar ,scholar
12)― ard/art (名,人物) coward ,drunkard ,steward ,braggart
13)― ary (名,从事……的人) functionary ,secretary ,missionary ,
14)― ate (名,人物) advocate ,candidate ,delegate ,pirate
15)― ate (形,具有……的性质、有……味道) accurate ,affectionate
a部人物多表示贫穷、低下、游走不定等,含有贬意色彩,例如: beggarburglarcowardservant等,但含有i的后缀例外,例如:millionaire billionaire;a部动词转化名词的后缀,表动作的方向、方式、过程、状态、结果等,例如:marriageapprovalarrivalattendance;a部形容词表能力,具有……;a部副词表方向、方式。
2.e部后缀
1)― ee (名,承受者) employee , examinee , devotee , trainee
2) ― eer(名,动作发出者) engineer , pioneer , engineer , volunteer
3) ― er(名,形、动) baker , customer , leader , gardener , wander
4) ― en(名,表人物) citizen , warden , heathen
5) ― en(形,同……有关) brazen , earthen , golden , wooden
6) ― en(动,使……) darken , fasten , sharpen , redden , threaten
7) ― ent(名,形) president , student , resident , oppoent , fluent
8) ― herd(名,表人) cowherd , shepherd
9) ― ese(名、形, 表人物) Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese ,Congolese
10) ― ess(名,表女性) actress , hostess , empres,eagless , lioness
11) ― ster(名,表人) gamester , gangster , trickster , minister
12) ― eur(名,表人) amateur, litterateur, restauranteur, farceur
13) ― ier(名,表人) financier , premier , cashier , soldier
14) ― ety(名,表状态、性质) variety , propriety , sobriety
15) ― ery(名,表职业、场所) bakery , gallery , cookery , fishery
16) ― ence(名,表性质、状态) difference , excellence , absence
17) ― ency(名,表性质、状态) persistency , efficiency , fluency
18) ― el(名,表小) model , cupel , damsel , parcel
19) ― en(名,表小) chicken , maiden ,kitten , children , oxen
20) ― et(名,表小) islet , cabinet , circlet ,lionet
21) ― ette(名,表小、模仿) cigarette, novelette,gazette , kitchenette
22) ― ed(形,具有、充满) aged , landed ,colored, beared,cultured
e部人物所从事的职业明确(一般表世俗,普通的职业)如:baker, warden ,cowherd restauranteur ;ster ,herd等结尾的名词含有贬意色彩,例如:gangster ;ier等结尾的名词含有褒意的色彩,例如premier financier等。
3.i部
1)― ia(名,表人事物) hysteria , militia , Australia , regalia ,insomnia
2)― iac (形、名,表有……特性的、有……病的) cardiac , insomniac
3)― ial (形、名,表有关……、有……性质) aerial , cordial ,facial
4) ― ian (形、名,表人物) Christian , Egyptian , Italian , musician
5) ― ible (形,可……的、能……的) edible , terrible , divisible ,horrible
6) ― ic (形、名,表与……有关的,……的) academic , atomic ,physic
7) ― ics (名,表学术) aerobatics , classics , ethics , physics
8) ― ical (形,表有关、……性的) chemical , musical , physical , surgical
9) ― ice (抽象名词) avarice , justice , service , cowardice
10) ― id (形、名,有……性质的) acid , placid , rapid , solid , timid
11) ― ie (名,表小) birdie , bookie , cutie , auntie , doggie
12) ― ier (名,表专做某种工作的人) cashier , clothier , premier , soldier
13) ― ile (形,易……的,可……的) extensile , fertile , fragile , hostile
14) ― ine (形,名词后缀) divine , riverine , doctrine , medicine , routine
15) ― ing (形,名词) learning , teaching , sleeping , interesting
16) ― ion (名,表过程、状态、结果) addition , civilization , protection
17) ― ior (形,表比较级) inferior , junior , senior , superior
18) ― ious (形,充满……的) delicious , precious , religious , glorious
19) ― ise (名、动) treatise , practise
20) ― ish (形,如……的、似……的) bookish , childish , feverish , selfish
21) ― ism(名,表学说、主义、特性) communism , heroism , optimism
22) ― ist (名,表专业、专门人) pianist , geologist , tourist , moralist
23) ― ite (名,居民、后代、成员) Israelite , laborite , Darwinite
24) ― ium (名,表元素、地点等) aluminum , barium , magnesium
25) ― ive (形,名) captive , native , operative , exclusive , exhaustive
26) ― itude(名,表性质、状态) altitude , apitude , fortitude , multitude
27) ― ity (名, 性质、状态、程序) fixity , futurity , hospitality , hilarity
28) ― ize (动,使成……状态、使……化) civilize , dramatize , generalize
29) ― in (名,表小) elfin , violin
30) ― ship (名,表身份、关系) friendship , hardship , leadership
i部后缀、多与科技、医学、学说、主义等有关,比较专业化。
4.O 部
1)― o(名,表人事物) tornado , credo , stereo , studio
2) ― ock (名,表小) bullock , hillock , paddlock
3) ― on (名,表人物) champion , companion , matron , patron
4) ― oon (名,表增大或增强) cartoon , lampoon , balloon , saloon
5) ― or (名,表人物) ambassador, governor, inspector, professor
6) ― ory (名,表地方) dormitory , factory, laboratory, territory
7) ― ory (形,带有……的性质) compulsory , contradictory, preparatory
8) ― ose (形,多……的、有……的) verbose , fructose, bellicose
9) ― our (抽象或集体名词) favour , humour, odour, savour
10) ― ous (形,充满……的) envious , furious, industrious , perilous
11) ― proof (形,防……的) airproof , bombproof , fireproof , rainproof
12) ― dom (名,地位、职位、领域、性质、集团) freedom , wisdom
13) ― hood (名,性质、状态、阶级、身份) boyhood , childhood , likelihood
14) ― mony (名,ment的变形) ceremony , harmony , matrimony
15) ― fold (名,倍数) manifold , twofold , tenfold
16)― most (形,表最高级) almost , foremost , utmost , foremost
17) ― long (副,表方向) headlong , sidelong
18) ― some (形,有……倾向、易……的) darksome , gladsome , lonesome
o部的职业、多受人尊敬,例如: ambassor , governor , professor , inspector;o部形容词一般表有某种受好倾向。
5.l(u)部
1)cle (名,小个体、个别) article , icicle , particle
2)el/le (名,小) model , vessel , bottle
3)le.(动,表反复) chuckle , sparkle , startcle
4)let (名,小) booklet , bullet , cutlet
5)ling(名,小) darling , duckling , seedling
6)ule(名,小) corpuscle , globule , granule
7)ful.(形,充满) dreadful , fruitful , regretful
8)less(形,没有) aimless , groundless , helpless
9)ly(形,副)costly , friendly , absolutely
l部多表小,有无,有关等。
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