材料作文论文
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材料作文论文范文第1篇
材料作文，是防“押题”的最好作文形式。相对于话题作文而言，它的审题立意难度较大，又由于高考作文自1999年到2005年一直是话题作文，因此，当它今年再次出现在高考语文全国卷上时，众多考生不知所措，偏题、跑题现象严重。为此，笔者针对“学生在材料作文审题立意上存在的问题”提出几个注意点。
一、切忌“根据材料的部分内容”立意
一般说来，出题者的意图是通过整个材料来显示的。如果不在审视整个材料的基础上把握观点，而是断章取义，就不能很好的体现命题者的用意，从而造成偏题、跑题现象。例如：（材料一）人们看到洁白的荷花时，总是情不自禁的赞扬它出淤泥而不染；可没有想到，没有淤泥，能有荷花吗？材料分两部分内容，前一部分旨在说明淤泥的坏处，后一部分旨在说明淤泥的好处。综合整个材料可立意为：“看问题要全面。”有的学生审题时只注意了材料的前一部分或后一部分，因而错误地立意为“任何事物都有它的作用”等。
二、切忌“在材料的非主要信息上”立意
有些材料，信息点很多，给正确立意带来一定的影响。这就要求我们在审题时进行认真分析，根据各个信息在材料中所占比例及材料语言形式的特点，确定出主要信息（因为只有主要信息才反映材料的主旨），在此基础上立意。否则，立意就会偏离材料。例如：（材料二）长江从源头流来，虽经千曲百转，有时向东又转向东南，向东北，向北，向东，又向西，但不管它怎样曲折反复，终将流向东----太阳升起的地方。
这个材料的信息点有两个，一是长江的流向曲折，二是长江终将流向东。这两个信息乍一看象是侧重于前一个（因为它在材料中占的比例较大），但是只要留心一下材料的语言形式，就会发现后一个信息是主要的——转折复句强调的是后。
三、切忌通过类比联想进行立意
材料的形式多种多样，有的是事实型的，有的是寓意型的，但不管材料是哪种，它提供的只是一种现象，立意时要求把它所包含的道理、蕴含的实质揭示出来，为些，审题就要经过一个由特殊到一般、由现象到本质的思维过程。有的学生不明白这一点，在立意时进行类比联想，即从材料这一特殊现象出发联想到与之相似的另一特殊现象，然后把联想的结果作为观点，这种立意方法是非常错误的。
仍以材料二为例，有的学生由“长江向东流”联想到“历史向前发展”，因些立意为“历史的潮流不可阻挡”。这个观点是类比联想的结果，没有上升到对材料本质认识的高度，因此是不正确的。
四、立意时要考虑出题者的态度
大多数材料都具有感情倾向性（即带有出题者对材料中人或事的褒贬态度）。这种感情倾向直接反映着出题者的意图，反映着材料的主旨，审题时若不把这种感情因素考虑进去，就会造成立意的失误。例如：（材料三）宋元之际，世道纷乱。一学者许衡，行路时，口渴难忍。路遇梨树，众人皆围而摘梨，唯许衡不为所动。人问之，日：“此非吾梨，岂能乱摘？”人以其迂腐，讥之：“乱世梨无主。”衡正色日：“梨虽无主，而吾心有主。”
材料作文论文范文第2篇
科学活动是在幼儿的操作中来发现和获取知识的过程。因此材料是否具有操作性是我们准备和投放材料的前提，也是调动孩子积极参与、探索的基本。特别是针对小班幼儿。如在小班《吹泡泡》一研的活动中，教师准备的材料有吸管、清水、肥皂水、加入颜料后的肥皂水等，材料准备的很充分。可到了孩子们操作的环节，由于吸管的管口比较的光滑，肥皂水的浓度没有把握好，以至于在孩子们操作时成功率不高，大部分的孩子都没有吹出泡泡。这时孩子们的兴趣以及探索的欲望就大大的降低了，有些孩子的思维甚至游离到了活动之外。在活动之后，我们研讨、反思，材料缺乏一定的操作性是导致活动效果不佳的关键。在二研时，教师更换了吹泡泡的工具，活动前反复试验肥皂水的配比。在孩子们操作时，他们有的惊喜，有的兴奋，有的在相互比较自己吹出泡泡的大小，还有的在为自己吹出了“双胞胎”泡泡而激动不已。同时，在操作和比较的过程中，孩子们发现了清水和肥皂水的不同，知道了洗洁精、洗衣粉、肥皂等都能吹出泡泡。在活动结束时，孩子们还是乐此不疲的吹彩色肥皂水，让它们在“海底世界”背景图上留下彩色“脚印”。在两次内容一样的活动中，由于材料操作性的不同，活动的效果以及孩子们的收获也是不同的。由此可见，提供便于孩子操作摆弄的材料不仅能激发兴趣，更能让他们从中去探索和发现，并且体验快乐。
二、材料丰富，目的性强
“幼儿教育之父”福禄培尔认为科学材料的应用可以帮助达到教学目的，丰富的操作材料，可以不断地吸引幼儿主动地探索。但在准备材料的过程中，如果一味的体现材料的丰富而缺乏一定的目的性的话，孩子们往往会无从选择或者操作一会儿这个又玩一会儿那个，深入探究的欲望不强。因此，教师在投放材料时既要丰富又要思考投放这种材料的目的。如在中班《纸花开了》的科学活动中，我为孩子们准备了有报纸、牛皮纸、铜版纸、白纸、蜡光纸、宣纸、糖纸、玻璃纸等不同质地的纸花。活动分三次操作进行，首先请孩子们将报纸花放入水面，观察“花开”的现象，从而激起孩子浓厚的兴趣。随后出示报纸、铜版纸、白纸、蜡光纸、宣纸、牛皮纸等，让孩子们有目的地选择两种不同的质地的纸同时放在水面，耐心观察它们的“开花”现象。通过孩子们一次次的探索、观察，总结出不同质地的纸花，它们的“开花”速度是不一样的。在最后一次的操作中，我又为孩子们提供了糖纸和玻璃纸。在实验中，他们发现纸花不“开花”了，有的孩子甚至立刻就说出了这个现象的原因，“糖纸和玻璃纸它们没有吸水性”。在整个活动中，教师准备的材料很丰富，但每一次材料的投放教师都做了深入的思考，都有一定的目的性。孩子们在操作时深深的被实验材料吸引，探索的兴致很高。
三、材料启发，拓展思维
材料作文论文范文第3篇
关键词：地源热泵超强吸树脂螺旋盘管U型管制热系数
0前言
新能源的研究、开发和利用已经成为世界各个先进国家能源战略的共同目标，浅层地能作为一种可再生绿色新能源，清洁、无污染，以及其巨大的储存量（地表浅层吸收了47%的太阳能，比人类每年利用能量的500倍还要多），已经使得人们认识到了浅层地能的利用价值。能够一机多用的地源热泵系统则在浅层地能应用中日趋活跃，广泛应用于供暖，空调领域中。然而地源热泵系统中埋地换热器受土壤性能影响较大，在连续运行工况下，热泵的冷凝温度和蒸发温度受周围土壤温度变化发生波动而不稳定。为了达到换热效果，目前大多采用垂直U型埋管，这需要钻相当深度的井，费用比较高，占初投资中很大比例。针对这一现状，对螺旋管和U型管在超强吸水树脂与源土混合作为回填材料的情况下，进行了实验研究。
1超强吸水树脂及回填材料性能描述
超强吸水树脂是一种吸水能力特别强的高分子材料，吸水率为自身的几十至几百倍，甚至千多倍。如Sumika凝胶S-50的吸水倍率为500~700（g/g）,在低温（900C以下）吸水倍率基本不随温度变化；保水能力也非常高，吸水后无论加多大压力也不会脱水，但会随时间慢慢释放水分，且具有良好的蓄热、蓄冷能力[3]。
地源热泵系统中，理论计算以及实验研究表明，回填材料的导热系数K是决定地下换热效果和系统效率的主要因素，常温下，回填物质组成确定以后，对回填材料导热系数起决定作用的是密度和含水率，函数关系可表示为[1]：
K=ƒ（ρ，ω）（1）
ρ——回填材料密度(Kg/m3)；
ω——回填材料的含水率(%)
如果把回填材料作为一种能量传递介质考虑，它把自己储存和吸收的能量传给地下换热器以及热循环介质，在这个能量转换过程中，水分起到了能量转换和储存的作用，所以回填材料中含水率的大小对换热器换热效果起着很大的作用。以下按照一定比例在源土中混合超强吸水树脂作为回填材料，并采用螺旋盘管和U型管两种地下换热形式，进行实验研究和分析。
2试验系统介绍
实验台由地源热泵、地下换热器等组成，主要设备见表1，采暖空调房间面积65m2积，
实验共打井4口，其中1、2号井，换热器形式采用螺旋盘管，井深6.0m，螺旋直径1.0m，螺旋间距200mm，并设计注水装置[2]，具体结构图见图（1）；3、4号井采用U型管，井深40.0m，每套螺旋管和U型管均为管径DN32，壁厚3mm，管长80m的PE管。整个系统见图(2)。
实验所选地地势相对较高，地下水位比较低（地下8-10米），土壤为非饱和态，回填之前对螺旋盘管打井源土采样测试，土壤密度约为1450Kg/m3，土壤含水率约为18%-20%。其中1号井，采用源土回填，2、3、4号井则按照质量比1：1000在源土中混入吸水倍率1：500的Sumika凝胶S-50超强吸水树脂。整个系统中，在热泵冷却水，冷冻水进出口，螺旋盘管和U型管进出口管外壁以及其他不同位置设置k型铜-康铜热电偶36组，1号和2号井热电偶对称布置，具置如图（3）
3试验数据分析
实验台搭建完毕后，测得换热器周围土壤初始平均温度为21.50C,10月底开始对系统在制冷、制热工况下进行了运行调试。调试完毕，通过注水器向1、2号井中分别注水2m3。由于环境温度影响，首先在制热工况下对系统进行测试。
工况1：12月6日在制热工况下系统连续运行24个小时后，于12月9日至23日期间，夜间平均室外温度100C，开启部分或全部房间门窗，室内温度保持在22-240C，热泵机组热水出水温度设定为最高温500C的条件下，调节各个管路阀门，使每套管井中的流量基本相同（0.8m3/H）,分别以U型管和螺旋盘管单独作为地下换热器，各自连续运行7天，每天运行10小时，对所测得数据进行分析比较如下：
为定流量系统运行过程中螺旋盘管不同位置处热电偶温度变化曲线。图4中，混合超强吸水树脂的2号井，出水管外壁温度明显高于1号井，且随运行时间的延长，1号井温度变化大于2号井。
不同位置处热电偶日平均温度显示，距离螺旋盘管外侧600mm处（14#、24#）土壤温度在测试期间，基本没有变化，300mm处（15#、25#），温度变化比较小，如图5，外侧100mm处（16#、26#），土壤温度则随时间变化明显。流量相同的情况下，随测试时间的延长，图4中可以看出，2号吸热量大于1号，周围土壤热量随水分迁移，第四天开始，26#温度降低更加明显，16#温度变化则比较稳定；距离管内侧250mm(17#、27#)处，因实验前注水，水分渗透，起始温度低于原来土壤温度。运行过程中，17#日平均温度变化小于27#热电偶，图4和图5可以看出源土中混合超强吸水树脂，增大了土壤的导热系数，增强了系统停止期间土壤热恢复性能。
为U型管和螺旋盘管单独作为地下换热器时换热器总管进出水温变化曲线。螺旋盘管进、出口水温随时间变化比U型管小。实验测得系统COPs和压缩机COP平均值，螺旋盘管大于U型管，但两套系统单独运行时，COP数值并不高，且连续下降，如图7。其原因主要是由于单独作为地下换热器，换热面积小，吸热量满足不了系统要求。
工况2：12月27日至12月30日，室外平均温度70C，关闭所有门窗，室内温度保持在20-230C,热泵机组热水出水温度设定为460C，螺旋盘管和U型管作为地下换热器同时运行，压缩机每30分钟开停一次，开停时间比为1：2，间歇性连续运行50小时，取10-40小时之间测试数值
间歇运行期间，整个系统比较稳定，地下换热器进、出水温程周期性变化，并随时间延长逐渐降低，系统和压缩机制热系数都比较高，具体见表2。相比之下，其它地区不同形式埋管如天津商学院对单层水平蛇形管冬季取热实验得到单位管长吸热量为14W/m[4],重庆建筑大学对垂直套管得到单位孔深换热量为55.67W/m[5]。
4结论
通过供暖实验表明：超强吸水树脂与源土混合，作为回填材料，在注入少量水的情况下，能够很好地改善土壤的非饱和性，增大源土壤的导热系数，提高了土壤的热恢复性能，很明显地增大了单位管长的吸热量，适合于干旱、土壤非饱和以及地下水位比较低的地区，特别有利于螺旋盘管的应用，可以极大地降低地源热泵系统初投资，值得推广和应用。
[参考文献]
[1]庄迎春，孙友宏，谢康和.直埋闭式地源热泵回填土性能研究.太阳能学报，2004，25(4)：216-220.
[2]YuehongBi,LingenChen,ChihWu.GroundHeatExchangerTemperatureDistributionAnalysisandExperimentalVerification.AplliedThermeralEngineering,2002,22,183-189.
[3]邹新禧.超强吸水剂.北京：化学工业出版社：1991年.9.
材料作文论文范文第4篇
[Key Word] Reading interesting; reading material; literature reading; young adult literature; adolescence
[摘要] 当前中学所普遍存在的英语文学阅读状况是:学生阅读是为了完成老师布置的任务和应付考试。当阅读满足他们的这些任务后，他们的课外阅读行为就停止。本文针对这种现象作了具体的原因分析，指出在国内大部分中学英语教学中，阅读材料是影响学生进行英语文学阅读的一个重要原因。回顾国外学者在这领域所做的理论和实践研究，提出把青少年文学的特点和中学生所处发展时期的各方面的需求结合加以分析，采用把青少年文学作为课外阅读材料这一教学方法。我们通过一系列的教学活动如课外兴趣小组，课外阅读活动，阅读作业，培养和提高中学生英语学习能力和文学阅读兴趣。作者对为什么以及如何运用青少年文学读物作为新型课外阅读材料以培养学生的兴趣和情感进行初步的讨论， 以此引发更多的讨论。
[关键词] 阅读兴趣;阅读材料;文学阅读;青少年文学;青少年时期
1. Introduction
As a rule， the teaching of reading in senior schools， both public and private， will move in one of two directions: up or down. When effectively taught， the study of reading can be the most exciting event of the adolescent student’s day. Young people can become deeply engrossed in what they read. They can respond with intensity and conviction.
Interests as factors in genuinely productive reading study are slippery elements indeed. Inventories provided to students in an attempt to discover what they prefer in reading materials can be， and often are， faked by the inventory takers. Thus， the discrepancy between what some young people claim they enjoy reading and what they will actually interact with can be a significant one. Furthermore， teachers must be ever mindful of the differences between their interest， taste， and enthusiasms for certain material selections and those of their students.
How about the situation of reading in senior schools in China? Most students are lack of interest and motivations in reading. The purpose of their reading is to pass the exam. As a result， the students do a little reading outside lessons. Why did these problems exsist?
2. Interest in Reading
In leading young people toward increased reading awareness， teachers used to consider the nature and extent of the interest factor on those efforts. Interesting are a two-edged sword. When positive， they can enhance teachers’ efforts to involve their students in the concern with reading materials and do so most significantly. When negative， however， they present a formidable obstacle to meaningful transaction taking place between texts and readers.
2.1The Status of Reading in senior Middle School
This is an accurate picture of the reading programs in many middle and secondary schools that still have students move chronologically through the literature anthology and choose the traditional classics as their outside reading. Most students are simply unable to connect the text with their goals， level of development and experience. Language development affects cognitive development and vice versa students at this age read at a much higher level of ability when they are reading something that matches their developmental interests and goals. Most students cannot read classic literature well [i.e， they cannot have personal involvement with it]. Students think of the literature as something they cannot understand; therefore， they think they are not intelligent inpiduals.
‘‘The result of the survey about the status of reading which were done by John S. Simmons reflected that Middle school and high school students often balk at display of overt enthusiasm for the selections they are asked to read in the class precisely because they are adolescents. To many of them， the fact that a work is on the required list means that it simply cannot be interesting. They will doggedly refrain from any display of enthusiastic or appreciate response despite the teachers ’creative efforts or the actual effect the work has had on them. ‘Boring’ become the operative judgment. In reading that categorical implacable judgment， they retain their cool demeanor， on which they value above all else. When faced with such study they often have melodramatic indifference.’’[1]p(20)
It seems that school have accomplished just the opposite of what they intended to do. They have turned students off from reading rather than made them lifelong readers. Teachers have failed to choose reading materials that enable students to become emotionally and cognitively involved in what they read. If students are asked to read literature that is not consistent with their development tasks， they will not be able to interact fully with that literature. As a result， students who do not interact with the literature are left with leaning only about literature.
“The same problems also exist in most senior schools in China. Students’ purpose of reading is only to finish the work given by teachers or pass exam. When they finish their work， they stopping reading， for they are asked to read the traditional classics that are chosen in order to complete the teaching mission. But the classics are written in a style and with syntax and vocabulary that are often quite foreign to students in senior middle school. So most students think of literature as something that is difficult for them’’.[2] I have talked to some teachers and students in senior middle school. I have found that most students appeal that their reading materials are difficult and not suitable for them. They can understand the meaning well. So they don’t like to read.
2.2 Factors That Affect Interest in Reading
“The key factor to determine reading is choosing suitable reading material to students. Obviously， there will be many students who will turn away from the task of studying literature because of inadequate competence in the necessary reading skill. Metaphoric expressions， for example， abound in all literary works， whether they are fictional， poetic， or dramatic. Such expressions are placed in those works to clarity indeed intensity， the meanings those works. When students are unable to establish precise relationships between metaphors and their referents， however， what was put there to clarity produces confusion instead. It doesn’t take many such experiences in missed communication to discourage or vex less able readers. Given the additional problem of these students’ probably limited attention spans， the options of giving up selection which is metaphoric are often the one taken. Even though the classics literature may speak to the universal human condition， young people have trouble relating because they have not experienced many of those human condition.
At the same time， some links need to be established between that ability and the interest. Interest in reading fluctuates widely before the age of sixteen， an age at which many students begin to think seriously about choices affecting their future: college， military service， industrial careers， dropping out of the academic scene altogether， and so forth. For most young people， interest in reading usually peaks between the age of twelve and fourteen. It is a period of intense， prolonged introspection in which the desire to raise and organize problems about self is at its height. It is a kind of limbo between a lost childhood and approaching adulthood. People at this age tend to be more interested in being alone with their lives. For some， reading fictions， especially novels which delve into the teenage experience， can be a source of comfort， challenge， stimulation， and escape. Young adult literature focuses on the nature and availability of literature with which youngsters at that difficult stage of their lives can identify.”[3]
John S. Simmons point out “People in these years are also capable of， and often involved in， deeper reflection that centers on abstract concepts: love， loyalty， fear， justice， betrayal， and the like. Obviously， their reading can feed this preoccupation， but the fare must be nourishing. In short， abstract thinking may contain a profound concern with interpersonal relationships， and reading can provide countless opportunities for them to view their problems from the detached prism of fiction.’’[4](p75)
‘‘Some of these interpersonal problems will be quite obvious. Some mention of them should be made.
1)
Problems related to communication with younger siblings， partially stemming from thirteen-year-olds’ desire that the ‘‘little people’’ regard them as adult-and these younger children’s irritating reluctance to cooperate;
2)
Problems related to the conflicting need to be accepted into a peer group;
3)
Problems which reside in thirteen-year-olds’ ambivalence toward members of the opposite sex (i.e， culture and peer pressure， clash with hormones). The gap between girls’ and boys’ relative immaturity exacerbates this greatly.
In all of the above， imaginative literature can become a source of excitement， revelation， guidance， and solace. Teachers as guidance counselors can be of great personal assistance to adolescents in their struggles. The movement of middle school curricula toward an emphasis on the personal and social identities of early adolescents， rather than on the cultural heritage into which they will someday be assimilated， provides a whole new niche for literature to occupy， one in which its relevance to the nature of the early teenage years can be maximized.’’[5](p75-76)
3. The Possibility and Practicality of Using Young Adult Literature as Reading Materials for Outside Reading
Teachers in senior middle school are usually responsible for introducing the study of literature to their students: Young Adult Literature can serve as an excellent vehicle for such an introduction. Teachers in senior middle school who deal with students of lower ability， non-academic motivations， and limited cultural backgrounds should also consider the use of Young Adult Literature to provide insight into the nature of literature study for those inpiduals. Young Adult Literature seems to offer an abundant and valuable resource to teachers who want to guide their students through this transition.
3.1 The Character of Young Adult Literature
Donelson and Nilsen offer the definition of Young Adult Literature:‘‘ any book freely choose for reading by some one in this age group’’.[6]p(2) Later it was defined as ‘literature written or marketed primarily for teenagers; Books to whose main characters the teenagers can personally relate; stories with an uncomplicated， often single plot line; books with plot that address the concerns of the young adults; literature that attracts a young adult readership’[7]p(2) Compared with the definition offered by Nilsen and Donelson， this definition is more specific and comprehensive. In recent years， Young Adult Literature is also considered as ‘books written for adult， about young adult and liked by young adults’ and more and more teachers prefer to match young adult books with classics bearing similar themes; thus， the genre of Young Adult Literature is further expanded.
As a reading material， young adult literature has many common characteristics: conflicts are often consisted with the young adult’s experience， themes are of interest to young people， protagonists and most characters are young adults， and language parallels that of young people. It is simply written in a natural， flowing language much like the way in which the young adults speak. Young adult literature is usually shorter. The young adult can finish in a comparatively short time without feeling tired and bored. This will guarantee an engaged and efficient reading. And Young Adult Literature is graded reading materials meeting young people’s different level intellectual development.
3.1.1 Young adult’s emotional development
‘‘Adolescence and preadolescence are difficult， unsettled periods for young people. They are no longer children. They are no yet adults. It is a time of change: a time for physical growth， sexual awareness， emotional and cognitive development. As young people move through these experiences or stages， they seem to be so alone in their struggle. But few of young people asked their parents and other adults to help them through their difficult period in their lives. Reading books helps young adults in their journey –their rites of passage—into adulthood. Books provide experiences that may help young adults through their adolescent years. Providing young people with Young Adult Literature not only in the bookstores but also in the class is imperative if we want adolescents to read about more experiences than they could have on their own. In addition， this literature serves young people in their struggle with identity， with their relationships with adults， and with their choices， which often suggest their concern with moral questions of right and wrong.’[8](p25)
3.2 Effective and Positive Influence
‘‘Young adult literature provides enjoyment， satisfaction and literary quality while it brings life and hope and reality to young people. The wide range of topics in Young Adult Literature such as friendship， death， porce， alienation， sibling rivalry， peer cruelty， racism， hostility and egocentricity， even struggle， conflict and feeling of the futility and hopelessness of life dramatize life in unfamiliar environments as experienced by characters of the learner’s own age. And therefore stimulate learners in encouraging self-expression and idea exploration. In this way， literature enlarges the students’ knowledge and understanding of human behavior for it exhibits thoughts and feelings which are often concealed in real life. Students， on the other hand， bring their unique life experience and world look when coming to read a text in class. Their confirming， revising or refuting the original outlook after confronting the writer’s view enable them to come up with a new understanding of the world .Then they will share their readings with their peers and teachers and reshape their understanding if needed. This aesthetic stance of reading is quite different from the traditional way of reading in that the former allows readers to have a virtual experience， living in the story world， connecting with characters， being emotionally involved while the latter focuses on looking for facts defined by Rosenblatt as ‘efferent reading’ which actually prevents learner from achieving the power of English expression.
Young Adult Literature is an attractive and motivational reading source that will satisfy the young adults’ reading interest at a particular age and help develop youngsters’ reading proficiency. Over a long period of time， Chinese young learners have been usually recommended to read some classic adult literature in simplified various which are considered as unappealing or out-dated. Young Adult Literature is a bridge between children’s literature and adult literature. It reflects a unique yet universal period of biological change and development for each human being.’’[9](p21-22)
3.3 Students Own Response
When Sullivan asked her students for information about their reading interest and habit， a ninth student said: ‘I love to read， but I hate literature’. He suggested that what he was reading in school had nothing， or at least very little， to do with him. He told us that his book report offered some relief because he could usually choose something that he knew how he would like， but what he read in the classroom was as he called it ‘dumb’.[10]P(156)
The details those students offer support the previous summary most have a very exciting experience with literature during their elementary schooling， but the break in this happy experience comes as they enter junior high or middle school.
There is obviously a wide chasm between what the school offers for students to read and what the students want to read in reading program. Students have had fewer experiences—and for some， no experience at all—in such areas as marriage and porce， ambition， greed and hate， so it is more difficult for them to make honest responses about what meaning is true for them. In contrast， when the book has a teenager as the protagonist and other young adult characters， the balance of knowledge and the authority that is brought in that reading is changed. Young adult are more easily able to evaluate the characters， their problems and the resolution of these problems.
4. The Power of Young Adult Literature Reading
One of the key reasons for students’ low interest in English learning is lack of the attractive and coherent reading material. Reading material which are used in the school are exam-oriented and boring which may hinder the students enthusiasm for learning English. Simultaneously， affect plays an important role in the learning English and English teaching should arouse the learners’ interest and motivation. The influence of Young Adult Literature reading materials in stimulating the learners’ love of reading and English learning from the prospect of affective factors is obvious. The qualitative evidence further proves that students really enjoy reading and sharing what they read with the peers. Benefits of other kinds from the Young Adult Literature reading are also obvious; such as increased vocabulary， faster reading speed and better reading comprehension. More encouraging is the fact that the majority of students are determined to read continuously after the experiment.
5. Using Young Adult Literature Materials outside Class in Senior Middle School---The Teaching Procedure
Outside reading promotes the initiative activity with the students. It is not forced by teaching missions. Students can choose the reading materials which they are interested in. As the counselors， teachers have to teach students how to ensure an effective outside reading.
5.1 Selecting Reading Materials
Choosing the appropriate reading materials is a key factor to the students’ love of reading. A very important part of the appropriate materials selection for any English or language is age appropriate. Day and Bamford state that ‘‘getting students to read extensively depends critically on what they read. The reading materials must be both easy and interesting. If the books do not appeal to most of the class， then all the efforts will be in vain.’’[11](P49) It seems appropriate to offer a minimal reminder as we select a novel for study as an example of what can be done in a response-centered class. If we expect students to have sufficient experience for a response， they must be able to relate in some manner to the assigned literature.
Karolides states the significance of using appropriate reading materials: ‘‘the language of a text the situation， characters， or the expressed issues can dissuade a reader from comprehension of the text and thus inhibit involvement with it. In effect， if the reader has insufficient linguistic or experiential background to allow participation， the reader cannot relate to the text， and reading act will be short-circuited.’’[12]) (P132)
In practice of selection， students can be invited to skim the information about a book around the book cover. Use the information in the picture， the famous critiques， the plot summary， the table of contents， the classified category， ect， to make guesses about what they are going to read is an efficient way to select interesting book.
Therefore， teachers must find the interesting， attractive and enjoyable materials that are personally significant to our students and that are within their linguistic ability.
5.2 Conducting Group-discussion
It is best， however， to allow students to lead the discussion of the novel. This approach teaches students that they can function with self-sufficiency and without teachers influencing their responses.
‘‘Small-group discussions may give students an opportunity to discuss some of their most important responses before sharing them in the large group. The small groups may also be used to allow students to further explore the general response that they shared in the large group. Students often feel less threatened in small groups and are more willing to explore ideas in that setting. Like large groups， smaller groups must have rules of behavior that enable students to function effectively in the interaction. Students must feel secure with their responses， and they must responses to others. They will recognize similarly among all of the responses.’’[13]
‘‘The teachers’ listening skills are crucial in this initial phase. As students react， you may need to make follow-up statements， questions， or acknowledgments to help them clarify， justify， or elaborate on their ideas. If the discussion drags， use generic question early in the discussion and more content-specific question later in the process. Try to keep these questions at a minimum and emphasize the teachers’ spontaneous reaction to students’ response because reactions are much more meaningful to students， and they help move the discussion on using students’ ideas rather than teachers’.
Here are some questions types to elicit students ’response:
Questions requiring students to remember facts:
Describe…
List…
What…?
Questions requiring students to prove or disprove a generalization made by someone else.
Would someone like to comment on that point?
OK. Anybody wants to add to what…said?
Question requiring students to derive their own generalizations.
How did you feel at the end of the story?
What did it mean to you?
Anything you want to talk about?
Questions requiring students to generalize about the relation of the total work to human experience
What …mean? / What is the author saying by….?
What is the significance of the statement…?
Question requiring students to carry generalization derived from the work into their own lives.
What were your first associations?
Can you relate the story to anything in your own experience?’’[14](p31)
5.3 Performing a Creative Drama
Role-play and improvisation expand the boundaries of experiences for students so that they develop a more complete understanding of themselves and the literature they are reading. Through role-playing and improvisation， students are able to think as characters would think and act as characters would act. Students take on a persona different from their own and work at making that character come alive as they perceive what that character would be like if he or she was real.
5.4 Writing a Book Report
“Responding reports including book report， the journal， the narrative， the personal essay， help students to become personally involved with the literature. They begin by having students make personal responses. After students have read and written about the novel on a personal level， they are ready to move to a more ‘intellectual’ level. They now think about the author’s craft: what strategies and techniques did the author use to generate the responses students have?
Responding reports also integrate reading and writing. Students can enjoy the totality of the novel by responding to the ideas presented and by understanding the techniques used by the author. Their thoughts about a particular issue or a question are a novel change as they move through the first draft of that paper. Many say that they use the journal in making these initial drafts. The very act of writing triggers other new responses. Some ideas are abandoned; other is expanded. Students feel more at ease when responding to a work in this way because they are in control of how they respond: how they structure their responses， what they include， and what they omit. As a result， they will grow in their understanding of their novel in particular and of literature in general.’’[15]
5.5 Reading management
Whether young Adult Literature can be used successfully as English outside reading materials largely depends on skillful management of the teachers that should be alert to avoid the old-ways of teaching. Traditional approach in teaching emphasizes close reading of the text with all the historical and cultural clues removed to find the only correct meaning in the text. Experienced teachers have with needed the degree to which motivation， whatever its origins， can lead to over learning by students who otherwise lack needed reading skills or broad sophistication in facing certain works of literature. When they are genuinely turned on， it is amazing what some youngsters can accomplish in the classroom. Conversely， well-prepared teachers usually find only frustration when they present works to indifferent groups， no matter how high the quality of those works are.
“Wang Xiaoping suggests that the following methods are effective:
1)
Using a familiar literary source or a song， a poem， a picture， a book cover， etc. to lead students into the text;
2)
Allowing students a quiet reading of partial text;
3)
Revealing just enough facts about the text to arouse students’ interest in the new work;
4)
Relating in discussion the text themes to students’ present concerns. [16](p30)
Positive teachers create enthusiastic readers. Creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people. Teachers must create within each class a positive atmosphere， a way of life conductive to promoting reading through positive affect. Positive teachers are realistic but always look for the best in their students. Teachers have an important role in fostering this reader response. They also share in the responsibility of helping students with their developmental tasks， growing moral judgment， and reading appreciation. The teacher participates in the discussion as an ordinary reader but also as a facilitator
Encourage students to talk extensively
Help students makes a community of meaning
Talk turns talking
Don’t interrupt
Ask. Don’t tell
Give comments， but be nice
Affirm students’ responses
Encourage reluctant readers
The affective studies of Rosenthal and Jacobsin showed that teacher’s positive attitudes toward the learning capabilities of students designated as likely to make substantial gains did， in fact help teachers provide a learning environment where those students prospered.[17](p49) We believe that creative oral and written activities with young adult literature have a positive effect on young people.
6. Conclusion
Young Adult Literature with its special features is considered as the reading material for the students in senior middle school. Its effective power is very helpful for the students. The teachers who work in some way with young people require familiarity with the characteristics of this age group. It is important that teachers know about young adult literature. In the western countries， reading literature is one of the most important courses in the school. In addition the relationships between teachers and students and teaching material are free and active. They can choose the teaching materials which they are interested in and change the teaching courses or ways freely. So they taught young adult literature to students in the classroom. The situation in China is similar. Different from the native speakers， the students in China do little literature reading because of the difficulty and cultural difference. Most teachings are done only for exams and teaching missions. So in China we have greater difficulties in promoting the use of young adult literature for outside reading.
So far， the research in this field is comparatively limited. Young adult literature is not available in most of the schools and most teachers find it difficult to put it into practice. And we have a lot of practical problems to solve. Nevertheless， if we keep on trying a practice we will fine more effective ways to enhance our students’ English interest and improve reading abilities.
Bibliography
[1] John S. Simmons & H. Edward Deluzain. Teaching Literature in Middle and Secondary Greades. [M] United State: Allyn and Bacon，1992.
[2] 赵均. 情感与初中英语课外读物达标. [J] 北京。首都师范大学 2004.
[3] 王初明. 外语学习中的认知与情感需要. [J] 第四期
[4] Donelson，k.，& Nilsen， A..Literature for Today’s Young Adult. [M] 5th edition. Glenview， IL:Scott，Foresman，1997.
[5] John H.bushman&Kay Parks Haas. Using Young Adult Literature in The English Classroom. [M] 3rd edition.Merrill Prentice Hall 67.2001
[6] 隋莉英 The Power of Young Adult Literature Reading Material in Fostering Learns’ Positive Affect in English Reading [J] 北京 首都师范大学学报 2005
[7] Sullivan，A.M.. The natural reading life: A high school anomaly. [M] english Journal， 80(6)， [M]40-46.1991
[8] Karolides， N.J. The Transactional Theory of Literature. In N.J.Kaolides(Ed.)，reader response in the classroom [M] 1992
材料作文论文范文第5篇
论文关键词：初中语文课堂教学中存在的问题及对策
随着新一轮课程改革的进行，广大中小学校都在围绕着改革的精神在改革的园地中进行着一些探索。由于经验缺乏等问题，初中语文的教学过程中出现了一些问题，值得我们共同关注。笔者就自己的发现谈一些自己的看法和建议。
一、对新课改理念、新课程标准，学习、落实方面存在的问题
1、新课改的基本理念得不到有效落实。
新课改的基本理念是：面向全体学生，让全体学生参与教学的全过程。我们的课堂上学生的参与面不够，回答的人次多，发言的学生少，相当一部分学生不在状态，教师不督促，不引导，视若无睹。
2、教学中学生的独特体验和多元解读得不到有效评价和指导。
新课标要求：尊重学生的独特体验，尊重学生对文本的多元解读。但当学生的多元解读、独特体验出现时，教师对学生的独特体验和多元解读不能进行合理的评价和有效指导，缺少教学机智和智慧。
3、对“三维目标”的理解有偏差。目标是“三维”的，但有核心、有重点，这个核心、重点就是知识与能力。否则学科设立将失去意义。
4、学习理念落实不讲究实效。
新课标中的学习理念是：积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式。但教师运用时自主缺乏，合作浮华初中语文论文，探究虚假，致使教学效果不佳。
解决对策：
1、各校要重视新课改理论和新课标的学习，《课标》要人手一册论文开题报告。
2、研读要联系实际，要和本地、本校、本人的实际联系。特别要重视研究本地有资源使用、本校有条件利用、本人有能力运用的部分；能支持、帮助、改进当前课堂教学的部分，有利于提高教学成绩，有利学生发展的部分。
3、尽快地把新课改的理念和新课标的要求转化为教师的课堂教学行为，落实到课堂教学中去。
二、学生个性化阅读没有占到应有的地位
新课程标准认为：“阅读教学是学生、教师、文本之间的对话的过程。”“阅读是学生的个性化行为，不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅读实践。应让学生在主动积极的思维和情感活动中，加深理解和体验，有所感悟和思考，受到情感熏陶，获得思想启迪，享受审美乐趣。要珍视学生独特的感受、体验和理解。”
阅读是最富有个性化的学习行为之一，读者的个性心理不同，其阅读感受和欣赏体验也必然不同。“有一千个读者。就有一千个哈姆雷特”，同样的作品由不同的人解读，可以有截然不同的感悟。对中学生来说，阅读的作用尤显重要。但是，长期以来，在应试教育的指挥棒下，学生的阅读变成了纯功利性的阅读，它以终极的意义解读为目标，以传授知识、应付考试为轴心，追求现成、确定的知识。不少教师死守教条，照搬照抄《教学参考书》上的说法，不敢越雷池半步。语文阅读教学过分强调共性，扼杀了学生的个性，使学生成为一个张开口袋等待灌注知识的回收站。
分析与对策：细心倾听，延时评价，激励学生阅读的创新精神。古人云：“学贵有疑。”“小疑则小进，大疑则大进。”思考的核心是创新。《语文新课程标准》强调“要逐步培养学生探究性阅读和创造性阅读的能力，提倡多角度、有创意的阅读”。为此，教师不应以绝对权威的角色主宰课堂的局面，而应摒弃“满堂灌”、“一言堂”的教学方式，真诚地成为学生阅读活动中的合作伙伴，为学生营造一个宽松、和谐的阅读氛围初中语文论文，要学会倾听，激励学生勇于表现自我，大胆创新，大胆张扬自我的个性，发表自己的见解。对学生发表的见解，应给予延时性的评价，因为这种评价方式既可为学生准确理解文本内容提供情感上的支持，又可给那些异彩纷呈的答案预留更为广阔的空间。
三、课堂提问主体固定，忽视“学困生”
经常听学生抱怨“老师从来不叫我，总叫喜欢的那几个学生回答问题”。从这些抱怨中我们可以看出学生的不满和挫折感。仅提问几个成绩好的学生的教师给了班级大多数成员一个消极的反应——我学习不好，老师不喜欢我，也不会关注我。久而久之，这些学生对学习越来越没兴趣，在课堂上开小差，从而导致集体斗志的丧失。还有很多教师对“学业不良”的学生表现出强烈的偏见。例如，教师等待他们回答花的时间短，没有给他们提供反馈，很少注意他们。但是，当某个学生开小差了，教师冷不丁地提起来让其回答某个问题，即提惩罚性问题。这样不利于教师的教学，不利于学生的学习，而且还很容易使师生关系僵化。
分析与对策：研究表明，教师的偏见会使学生的成绩存在显著差异。点那些积极的学生的意图是因为他们可以给出正确的答案，而使教师看起来是一个很有效率的教学。这种情况在公开课时表现得更明显论文开题报告。但是，假若教师想让每一个学生都成为成功者的话，就应该给他们每个人以同等的机会。使他们每一个人都能感受到成功的喜悦，从体验成功中热爱学习。提问要面向全体，切忌针对个别学生或部分学生。我一直认为应该先提出明确的问题，再找学生回答。这样做，可以让全体学生都参与到课堂教学中来，从而使班级的全部或大部分学生集中精力，
四、作文教学存在一些问题
（1）随意性大，体现为作文命题的随意，指导的随意，评改的随意；（2）生活积累意识欠缺初中语文论文，对生活只是照相式的观察，不重视引导学生对生活的感悟和引导学生进行审美的观察，割断了语文与生活的链条；（3）漠视学生基本的思维训练，缺乏对想像力、思维敏锐性的培养；（4）批改方式单一，效益低；（5）部分教师自身写作素养差。
分析与对策：我们的老师应正确把握作文教学。作文教学是语文教学的难点之一。新课程强调语文与生活的联系，为提高作文教学的质量创造了条件。作文教学的重点应放在材料、立意、情感和语言四个方面。要指导学生学会感悟生活，引导学生进行审美的观察，在生活中去积累、筛选写作的材料。作文教学要对学生进行基本的思维训练，教给学生思维的基本方法，如：想象和联想、发散思维、逆向思维、比较思维、整合思维、抽象思维等，提高学生的立意和谋篇布局的能力。要鼓励学生在作文中抒发真情实感。
作文的批改方式要多样化，如：学生互批互改、面批、朗读比赛等。评语要避免老师写得多，学生看得少，面面俱到，流于形式。
所以，只要老师们在探索新教法的征程中，多学习，多借鉴，多反思，就一定可以多避免一些问题。这样，我们的教学就会更得法了。
