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一、带有由if 引导非真实条件状语从句的句子,在人教版初中英语九年级就涉及到了这种虚拟语气,其结构按时间的概念分为三类:
1. 现在虚拟:假设的条件不符合现在的实际情况。主句谓语用would + 动词原形,从句谓语动词过去式(be 一律用were)。如:
If she were not so busy, she would come with me.
We would go with you if we had time.
If he were hungry he would eat the cake.
2. 过去虚拟;假设的条件不符合过去的实际情况。主句谓语用would + have +动词过去分词;从句的谓语用had + 动词过去分词。 如:
You would have caught the train if you had gotten earlier.
If I had known your telephone number, I would have rung.
3. 将来的虚拟:假设的条件不可能符合将来的实际情况。主句谓语用would + 动词原形;从句谓语用动词过去式(be 一律用were), 也可用were + to +动词原形,或用should+动词原形等。如:
If he came tomorrow, I would help him.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not do that.
If I should fail, I would try again.
注:① 如果主句中有情态意义,可把would 改为could, might, should. 如:
If it weren’t so late we could have coffee.
If you had come earlier, you might have met him.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.
② 如果从句中有动词had, should, were,可省略if, 但是采用倒装句。如:
Had he seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
③ 如果主句谓语和从句谓语在时间上不一致,可根据情况作适当调整,采用混合虚拟。如:
If he cared for money, he could have been very rich.
二、当wish 的宾语从句表示难以实现的愿望时,谓语应按时间情况,即对现在和将来的时间用一般过去式,对过去的时间用过去完成时,采取适当的虚拟结构。如:
I wish that he were here now.
I wish I had seen you yesterday.
How I wish I had been able to stay the rules without a mistake.
三、在would rather 后接的that 从句表示对“希望和猜测”时,谓语应按时间情况,采取适当的虚拟结构。其中对如:
I would rather you came next Monday
I would rather I had visited Hong Kong last summer holiday.
四、表示决定和主张的动词如decide 和 insist 后面的宾语从句,表示要求,建议和命令的动词如demand ,propose, suggest 和 order 等后面的宾语从句,谓语习惯上也用“should + 动词原形”的虚拟结构,should 有时也可省略。如:
The dustmen decided that the strike should go on.
They insisted that we begin the work at once.
I demanded that he should answer.
I propose that we should hold a meeting tonight.
We suggested that she should set off at once.
The officer ordered that the shortest soldier come out of the line.
五、表示建议和命令的名词和suggestion 和 order等后面的表示从句和同谓语从句,谓语习惯上也往往用“should + 动词原形”的虚拟结构,should 也可省略。如:
We are for the suggestion that a new lab be built near the lake .
The officer’s order was that all the soldiers get to the station before daybreak.
六、用it作形式主语,decided,imperative,important,natural,strange等形容词作表语的句子,真正主语从句中的谓语习惯也用“should + 动词原形”的虚拟结构,should 有时可省略。
It is decided that all members should be present.
It is imperative that the question be settled at once.
It is important that we should be prepared for this.
It is quite natural that he think so.
It is necessary that we (should) save every cent.
It is strange that he (should) do that.
七、有分词短语或独立主格结构或without 介词短语作非真实条件状语的句子,谓语应根据时间情况采用适当的虚拟结构。如:
Not having done his work, he would not leave the office.
Given more time, I would have done it better.
I have a lot of work to do. Time permitting, I were to watch TV.
I had my hair cut off and sold ir because I couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.
八、在省略非真实条件状语或该非真实条件由其它方式表达的句子,谓语也应用含蓄的虚拟结构。如:
The gifts to him would have filled a railway car.
He would have given you more help, but he had been so busy.
九、对过去应该做却没有做的事情表示责备的句子,谓语应该用“should + have + 动词过去分词”的虚拟结构。如:
How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, he days when I had played and should have studied.
You should have been here five minutes ago.
十、在带有before 引导的时间状语从句的句子中,如果表示“宁可…也不…”的愿望时,谓语常用“would + 动词原形”的现在虚拟结构。如:
He would die before he lied.
十一、由so that 和in order that 引导的目的状语从句,如表示不够世界的愿望和猜测,谓语习惯用“could 或might+ 动词原形” 等虚拟结构。如:
The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
十二、由as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句和表语从句等,表示夸张的比喻好猜测等时,谓语可根据时间的情况,采用适当的虚拟结构。如:
He works very hard as if (though) he never intended to sleep.
十三、在用It is high time that 引导的定语从句中,谓语在习惯上用将来虚拟等结构。
It is high time that we should go home.
误:I can’t get out of the habit to wake at six in the morning.
正:I can’t get out of the habit of waking at six in the morning.
析:表示做某事的习惯,英语习惯上用 the habit of doing sth,而不用 the habit to do sth。注意,下面一句 habit 后用了不定式,但它不是修饰 habit 的定语,而是句子的主语:It is my habit to get up early every morning. 每天早起是我的习惯。
62. 他因犯谋杀罪而被处以绞刑。
误:He was hung for murder.
正:He was hanged for murder.
析:hang 表示“悬挂”时为不规则动词,其过去式和过去分词是 hung;表示“吊死”“绞死”时为规则动词,过去式和过去分词是 hanged。
63. 这本书对小孩来说属不健康读物。
误:The book is not healthful reading for children.
正:The book is not healthy reading for children.
析:healthy 和 healthful 都可表示“有益于健康的”,但是有时我们说的“健康”,不是针对本义而言的,而是用于其引申义,此时应用 healthy 而不用 healthful。
64. 他们根本没有希望成功。
误:They have no hope to succeed.
正:They have no hope of succeeding 〔success〕.
析:hope(希望)用作名词时,其后通常不能接不定式作定语,遇此情况可改用 of (doing) sth。又如:I have no hope of going. 我没有希望去。
65. 不管航程多么短,这一班机上都有些吃的。
误:However short is the journey, you always get something to eat on this airline.
正:However short the journey is, you always get something to eat on this airline.
析:however 表示“无论如何”“不管怎样”时,用法相当于 no matter how,用以修饰形容词或副词,其词序为:however +形容词或副词+主语+谓语。又如:Phone me when you arrive,however late it is. 你到达之后就给我打电话,不论多么晚也要打。
66. 她对他刻薄的话感到很伤心。
误:She was seriously hurt by his unkind words.
正:She was deeply hurt by his unkind words.
析:hurt 既可以表示身体上的“受伤”“疼痛”,也可表示感情上的“伤害”。表示前者的意思时通常用 badly, bitterly, seriously, slightly 等副词修饰;表示后者的意思时通常用 very (much), deeply, rather, greatly 等副词修饰。
67. 是谁最先想到在这里建核能电厂的?
误:Who first thought of the idea to build a nuclear power plant here?
正:Who first thought of the idea of building a nuclear power plant here?
析:表示做某事的想法, the idea 后通常不接不定式,而接 of doing sth。又如:The idea of not having to get up early every morning is not quite practical. 不必每天早起的想法不很现实。注:the idea 后不接不定式,但是可接“疑问词+不定式”,如:I had no idea what to say to her. 我不知道对她说什么。类似的用法还有:habit of doing sth 做某事的习惯, method of doing sth 做某事的方法, possibility of doing sth 做某事的可能性, hope of doing sth 做某事的希望。
68. 人口在过去25年内增加了200%。
误:Population has increased to 200% in the past 25 years.
正:Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years.
析:表示增加了多少,动词 increase 后接介词 by;表示增加到多少,后接介词 to。如:It has increased by 20 percent in price. 它的价格已上涨20%。 His salary has been increased to $3,000. 他的工资已增加到3000美元。
69. 他坚持要回到工作岗位,不再住医院。
误:He insisted going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
误:He insisted to go back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
正:He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
析:insist(坚持)后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词,遇此情况应用 insist on 〔upon〕 doing sth。记住:insist 通常是个不及物动词,若语义上需接宾语,要借助介词on, upon;有时它也用作及物动词,但其宾语通常只能是 that 从句,而不能是其他成分。顺便说一句,要表示坚持要某人做某事,不能用于 insistto do sth,而用 insist on sb’s doing sth,如:He insisted on my staying there. 他坚持要我留在那儿。
70. 他们都坚持说是这个男孩偷了钱。
误:They insisted that the boy should steal the money.
正:They insisted that the boy had stolen the money.
析:insist 后接 that 从句时,可用陈述语气或虚拟语气,其区别是:若表示“坚持要”“一定要”,从句所指的内容是一种尚未成为事实的想法,此时从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气(即用should+动词原形);若表示“坚持说”“坚持认为”,从句内容指的是一种既成事实或完全能成为事实的决心等,此时从句谓语要用陈述语气,如:The doctor insisted that he (should) take the medicine, but he insisted that he was not ill. 医生坚持要他服此药,但他坚持说他没有病。
71. 我们将步行去那儿而不乘车去。
误:We’ll go there on foot instead by bus.
正:We’ll go there on foot instead of by bus.
析:instead 是副词,instead of 是介词。要表示“用甲代替乙”这样的意思,英语用“甲 instead of 乙”。注:这里所说的甲乙可以是名词、代词、动词、形容词、介词短语等。又如:Will you go to the party instead of me?你替我赴宴好吗? Let’s play cards instead of watching TV. 咱们打牌吧,别看电视了。The situation is better instead of worse. 形势是更好了,而不是更坏了。That increased instead of decreased our courage. 那不但没有减弱反而增强了我们的勇气。
72. 他是最不可能说谎的人。
误:He is the person who never tells a lie.
正:He is the last person to tell a lie.
析:上面误句的实际意思是“他就是那个从不说谎的人”,显然与所给中文相去甚远。last 在此的意思“最不可能的”、“最不适合的”(=least likely or suitable),如:He’s the last person to trust with a secret. 他是最不可能保密的人。That is the last thing I should expect him to do. 我怎么也没想到他会做出那种事来。
73. 英国广播公司通常能及时播报新闻。
误:The B.B.C. are not often late for the news.
关键词:对立统一 单一条件 隐含条件 混合条件 改革教法
我们知道,语气是一种动词形式体现了谓语动词动作、状态发生的真与假,如果运作状态是真的,就是陈述语气;如果动作状态是假的,就是虚拟语气。
笔者认为,在这部分语言知识教学中,应避免直接讲虚拟语气,应向学生先讲英语中动词谓语有三种语气,陈述语气、虚拟语气和命令语气。我们以前学过的16种时态即属陈述语气,再由陈述语气向虚拟语气过渡过来,过渡过来之后,先讲最基本的单一条件虚拟语气,然后在此基础上加深加宽。这样可以破除学生对“语气”的神秘感,轻轻地导入虚拟语气。所谓单一条件虚拟语气,指的是条件状语从句和结果主句都在同一时间范围之内。通俗地讲,即条件状语从句和结果主句虚拟的时间是一致的。
其谓语动词的主要形式如下:
一、表现在(与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,表示纯然的假设或实现的可能性不大的情况)
条件从句用动词过去式(be的过去式一般用were),主句用would/should/could/might等+动词原形。如:
1.We would go with you if we had time.如果我们现在有时间的话,我们会和你一起去的。(but in fact I don’t have any time,I will not go with you)
2.If you were a mouse and I were a cat,Iwould eat you. 如果现在你是老鼠我是猫,我会吃掉你,(But in fact you aren’t a mouse and I am not a cat, I will not eat you)
教法改革:在教学中要让学生理解,单一条件虚拟语气里与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,其实质是条件从句借用一般过去时时态形式(有时借用过去进行时形式),主句借用过去将来时形式,用来表示与现在事实相反的内容,在这里学生已经对陈述语气里一般过去时和过去进行时形式很熟悉,这是因为虚拟语气没有自己固定的谓语形式,只能“借用”陈述语气里的某些谓语形式,要会借用即可,学生可以轻而易举适应此借用。在与现在事实相反的单一条件虚拟语气里,实际上可以细分为与一般现在时相对应的、相反的虚拟语气和与现在进行时相对应的相反的虚拟语气,后者比前者形象生动。形象地说,陈述语气和虚拟语气就像现实世界和虚拟世界一样,现实世界有一个牛,虚拟世界就有一个“牛魔王”一样,如:If it weren/’t rainimg ,we would not stay indoors。要是现在没有(正在)下雨的话,我们就不会待在屋子里。该句条件从句属于与现在进行时相对应、相反的虚拟语气。目前教学中,有些教师仅教与一般现在时相对应、相反的虚拟语气,实际上不全面不到位,存在盲区。上述1、2条件句属于与一般现在时相对应、相反的虚拟语气;另外,条件从句和结果主句都存在“虚拟+被动”的谓语形式,相当一部分教师仅按传统教法只讲“虚拟+主动”的谓语形式,这是不对的,应改变之。如:If you worked least hard ,you would be fired by the boss .如果你现在工作最不努力,你会被老板解雇的。该句结果主句使用了“虚拟+被动”的谓语形式。
二、表过去(与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,表示纯然假设或实现可能性不大的情况)
条件从句用had +过去分词,主句用would /should/could/might等+have+过去分词。如:
1.If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你当时来早一点,你就会见到他(But in fact ,you didn’t come earlier ,you didn’t meet him.)
2.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake. 我当时要不是听了你的劝告,就犯大错误了。(But in fact I took your advicea,Idid not make a bad mistake。)
教法改革:在教学中要不同于传统教法,要让学生理解,单一条件虚拟语气里与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,其实质是条件从句借用过去完成时的形式,结果主句借用过去将来完成时的形式表达与过去事实相反之内容。在与过去事实相反的虚拟语气里,实际上又细分为与一般过去时相对应、相反的虚拟语气和与过去进行时相反的虚拟语气。例如:If he hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, he wouldn’t have been admitted into key university. 要是过去几年没有一直做艰苦努力,他不会被录取到重点大学。该句条件从句是用了与过去进行时相对的、相反的虚拟语气,而上述句①句②句用了与一般过去时相反的、相对应的虚拟语气,后者比前者生动;条件从句和结果主句都存在“虚拟+被动”谓语形式,不要按传统教法仅讲教材上写到的“虚拟+主动”谓语形式。如:If I had had time, the work world have been done. 如果我们当时有时间的话,这个工作就被做了。结果主句用了“过去虚拟+被动”的谓语形式。另外条件从句和结果主句谓语部分,有时为动宾结构,有时为系表结构,不要按教材传统教法仅讲动宾式,还要讲系表式。如:If you had been of much wealth,what would you have done? 如果你当时很有财富,你会做什么?本句条件句谓语为系表式。
三、表将来(与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况)
条件从句用动词过去式或 should+动词原形或 were to +动词原形,主句用would /should /could/ might 等十动词原形。如:
1.If it should rain, the crop would be saved.如果未来下雨的话,农作物就得救了。
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(But in fact it shall not rain, the crop will not be saved.)
2.We wouldn’t lose courage even, if we should (were to)fail again.即使再次失败,我们也不会泄气(But in fact we will not fail again and we will not lose courage.)
教法改革:在教学中,要不同于传统教法,要让学生理解,单一条件虚拟语气里与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,其实质是:条件从句借用一般过去时或过去将来时或were+不定式表将来之形式,结果主句借用过去将来时之形式,来表达与将来事实相反之虚拟语气的内容;在与将来事实相反的虚拟语气里,实际上又细分为与一般将来时相反的虚拟语和与将来进行时相反的虚拟语气两种,后者比前者形象生动。如上述①②句为与一般将来时相反的虚拟语气。又:If it were to be raining tomoriow,the football match would be put off.如果明天正在下雨的话,足球比赛将推迟,此句条件句用了与将来进行时相反的虚拟语气。另外条件从句和和结果主句的谓语都有“虚拟+被动”现象。不宜按传统教法仅讲“虚拟+主动”的谓语形式,如上述句(1)结果主句就用了“虚拟+被动”的谓语形式。还有条件从句和结果主句的谓语既有动宾结构式,也有系表结构式。
笔者认为要改革教法,先让学生理解掌握上述的单一条件虚拟语气之后,再开始学习隐含虚拟条件句。所谓的隐含条件虚拟语气是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其它手段来暗示存在虚拟条件句。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句可以转化为if 引导的条件句。表示隐含虚拟条件句的手段主要有:
(1)介词或介词短语
如:but for,but that,without,in case of, under more favorable condition等,如:But for the leadriship of the party,we could not be living a happy life today.要不是党的领导,我们现在还(正)不能过上幸福生活。其中but for the leadship of the panty相当于lf it were not for the leadship of the panty. 又Without water, there would be no life.如果现在没有水,就没有生命。Without water相当于 If thete were no water.
(2)连词
如: so that,unless, in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若......),for fear that(惟恐),in order that,on condition that ,if only (要是......就好了)等。
(3)通过上下文及内在含义
句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。如:He was very busy yesterday;otherwise,he would have come to the party. 他昨天很忙(陈述语气,暗示句),要不然的话,他会来参加聚会的。此处otherwise相当于If he had not been busy yesterday.
(4)形容词及其比较级
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.一个更细心的人当时不会犯那么多错误。此句相当于If he had been more careful,he would not have made so many mistakes.
(5)分词短语
Having known about it in time ,he might have prevented the accident.如果当时能及时了解情况的话,他也许能避免那个事故。其中 Having known about it in time相当于If he had konwn about it in time.
(6)动词不定式短语
一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were十不定式完成式或had
intended/meant/planned/wished/十不定式一般式表示虚拟。
(7)名词短语和名词+and结构
A diligent student would have worked harder 一个勤奋的学生当时会更努力用功的。这句相当于If he had been a diligent student,he would have worked hard.
(8)独立主格结构
All things considered,the price would be accepted 如果把所有的情况都考虑进去,这个价格可以接受。其中All things considered相当于If all things were considered.
(9)定语从句
A nation,which stopped working,would be dead in a fortnight.一个民族如果停止了工作,就会很快灭亡。其中whcih stopped working 相当于If it stopped working.
(10)情态动词完成式或暗示虚拟语气
关键词:初中英语;词汇教学;创新改革
中图分类号:G630 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-2851(2012)-06-0024-01
在语言教学中,词汇占有十分重要的地位。改进教学方法,采取形式多样、灵活多变的方法进行词汇教学是很有必要的。
一、注意改进教学方法
学生的学习兴趣与教师的教学方法有密切的关系,因此,在英语教学中,首先要改进和探索词汇教学的方法。
1.音、形、义结合,抓好英语常用单词的教学。音、形、义是构成一个单词的三个要素。音—读音,是词的语音形式;形—拼写,是词的书写形式。义—词汇意义和语法意义,指词的含义。音、形、义三者合一是词汇教学中不可缺乏的内容,如何做到音形义三结合。(1)在学字母时,就在每一个字母后面注上音标,让学生感知音形,同时特别要求学生熟练掌握五个元音字母a,o,e,i,u在单词中的准确读音及规则。(2)给学生讲解什么是开音节,什么是重读闭音节,启发学生按读音规则读出生词,如these、desk、sit、close、dog等。(3)同时注意引导学生注意元音字母组合、辅音字母组合,舌边音r音节发音规律。
2.词性、词义相结合教学。学习单词要知词性,由性记义,体会不同词性在句中的不同用法,从而让学生领悟词性在句中的作用,最后达到活学活用运用的目的。同时也要重视一词多义的运用,如book这个,它有两个词性,词义也有变化,可造几个示范句:“1.This is a book.2.Please book me a ticket”由此让学生体会、理解一词多性、在句子中的作用。
3.表演性教学。表演本身就是一种语言实践。在教单词时,应尽可能运用表演创造语言环境,变机械乏味性单词教学为学生积极参与性单词教学,把“死”记单词变为“活”用单词。
4.链环式教学。随着语言教学的逐步发展,词汇量的逐步扩大,语法知识的逐渐加深,在教学中采用链环式教学,对扩大学生的词汇量很有帮助。如:(1)教形容词的位置及用法,还联想其反义词、副词、比较级、最高级的变化规则。(2)教动词时,可以讲第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式、过去分词的变化形式。(3)学习动词词组时,采用链环式教法,效果更好,如教make up,可启发学生把已学过的同make搭配的词组做归类复习,同学们很快就联想复习了“Let’sMake up a story about an old king.”等句子。
5.多媒体教学。现今21世纪,多媒体已进入我们的教学领域,它为中学英语教学开辟了新天地,用多媒体把图、文、声、像有机地结合起来,让英语更加生动、有趣。恰当运用多媒体辅助词汇教学,能达到快速记忆单词的目的。
二、加强引导初中学生词汇学习方法
1.机械记忆与理解记忆相结合。学生记忆词汇的目的就是扩大词汇量,为阅读英语和运用英语打下基础。要让单词记得快、记得准、记得牢,必须把机械记忆与理解记忆结合起来,常用的英语单词记忆方法有:
(1)构词法。①名词+y构成形容词,如wind(n)+ywindy(adj);②动词+er构成名词,如teach(v)+erteacher(n);③形容词+ly构成副词,如slow(adj)+lyslowly(adv)
(2)比较法。比较各词之间的音形义的异同。①同音异义词,sun-son,where-wear;②音形相同而意义不同的词,light(灯),light(轻的)和light(淡色的);③词形相同而读音不同、意义不同,present/’preznt/adj目前的、现存的,n.礼物,present/pri’zent / v.介绍、出席。
(3)分类法。如表示动物一类的词窜在一起;dog,cat,pig,horse,等;有关人的词:boy,girl,man,其它如文具、水果、星期、季节、月份等都可以分类。
(4)对比法。①与反义词作对比进行记忆,如young-old,bring-take;②与对称词作对比进行记忆,如man-woman, read-write等。
2.归纳记忆与联想记忆相结合。
⑴归纳记忆是把在构词、拼法、发音等方面有规律可循的单词归纳起来记忆。①同根词act-acting-action-active-actively-activity-actor-actress;②按照拼法归纳,如all-ball-call-fall-hall-wall-small;③按发音归纳,如eat,meat,read,teacher,seat等。
一、一般现在时的考点
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1.(2005年桂林市)―Where______you from,Tom?
―I’m from Australia.
A.are B.is C.am D.be
2.(2005年柳州市、北海市)The number of the books in our school library______more than 30,000.
A.is B.are C.have been D.were
[要点领悟]系动词be的形式应根据主语人称和数的不同而变化。系动词be在一般现在时态中分别为am,is,are。 am与第一人称单数主语连用,is与第三人称单数主语连用,are与其他人称主语的单复数连用。
[答案与简析]例1题干问句中的主语为you,是第二人称,所以系动词be的形式应为are。 故答案为A。 例2题干中的主语为the number,系第三人称单数,空白处应填is,故答案为A。
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3.(2006年南宁市非课改)Mrs Brown______much,but she______enough sports.So she gets fat.
A.eat;don’t do B.eats;doesn’t do
C.eats;do D.eat;do
4.(2007年衢州市)―Li Lei,you’d better go to bed early.
―OK.I’ll go to bed as soon as I______my homework.
A.will finish B.finishing
C.finish D.finishes
5.(2007年河北省)I’ll do it better if the teacher______me another chance.
A.give B.gives C.gave D.will give
[要点领悟]在一般现在时态中,行为动词的形式要随着主语人称和数的变化而变化。主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词应按规则在词尾加“-s”或“-es”,如comecomes,gogoes,catchcatches。
[答案与简析]例3中两个空白处前面的主语Brown和she都是第三人称单数,所以正确答案为B项。例4中,as soon as引导的时间状语从句中应该用一般现在时态表示将来时间,可排除A和B。 题干空白处前面主语是第一人称I,所以答案为C。 例5中,if引导的条件状语从句中应该用一般现在时态表示将来时间。题干空白处前面的主语the teacher为第三人称单数,空白处应填gives,故答案为B。
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6.(2005年青岛市)Two days______enough for me to finish the work.I need a third day.
A.isn’t B.is C.aren’t D.are
[要点领悟]系动词be的否定形式是直接在am,is,are后加not构成,is not,are not分别可缩写为isn’t,aren’t。
[答案与简析]表示“金钱、时间、距离、重量”意义的复数名词作主语时,常被视为整体概念,谓语动词通常用第三人称单数形式,所以可排除C、D两项;由题干中的I need a third day可知,空白处应填表示否定意思的选项,故正确答案为A。
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7.(2007年茂名市)If he______on time,we will go without him.
A.doesn’t come B.don’t come
C.didn’t come
[要点领悟]行为动词的一般现在时否定式,要在行为动词之前加上“助动词do/does + not”构成,也可缩写为don’t或doesn’t。 主语为第三人称单数时,应该用does not,主语为其他人称时,应该用do not。
[答案与简析]题干空白处前的主语he为第三人称单数,所以谓语动词的否定形式应为doesn’t come,故答案为A。
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8.(2007年扬州市)―What______your English teacher look like?
―She is quite slim.
A.do B.is C.does D.was
[要点领悟]be动词的一般现在时态的一般疑问句的构成是直接将is,am,are提到主语的前面;而行为动词的一般现在时态的一般疑问句的构成应在主语前加助动词do,主语为第三人称单数时,应该加does。
[答案与简析]题干问句中的主语your English teacher为第三人称单数,look是行为动词,所以应借助does提问,故答案为C。
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9.(2006年北京市海淀区)Tom is strong and he______to school every day.
A.walked B.walks
C.will walk D.has walked
10.(2007年北京市课标卷)The Olympic Games______every four years.
A.are held B.were held
C.are holding D.will hold
11.(2007年绍兴市)―Do you know what the word “cool” means?
―Of course.It______by young people so often these years.
A.uses B.is used
C.was used D.is using
12.(2007年武汉市新课程)―What do you do?
―I’m an engineer.I______in a company in Wuhan.I like my job very much.
A.work B.had worked
C.will work D.worked
[要点领悟]一般现在时表示现在这一时间内发生的习惯性动作或经常发生的动作时,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,有时也可与表示现在一段时间的状语连用。
[答案与简析]例9题干中的every day是一般现在时的标志性词语,主语he为第三人称单数,所以正确答案应为B。
例10题干中的every four years意为“每四年”,是表示频度的状语,常与一般现在时态连用;主语Olympic Games应该是“被举行”,所以要用被动语态。故正确答案为A。
例11题干问句中所用时态为一般现在时,答语中的these years也是表示现在的时间状语,所以可排除C、D两项。 It指代“cool”,和谓语动词之间是被动关系,所以正确答案应为B。
例12题干中虽没有表示现在的时间状语,但根据对话内容我们可知,对话双方所谈论的是经常发生的动作,所以正确答案为A。
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13.(2006年聊城市)―What can I do for you,madam?
―Yes.I bought a computer yesterday,but it______.I want to change it.
A.wasn’t working B.didn’t work
C.doesn’t work D.won’t work
14.(2007年武汉市新课程)―People find it hard to get across the river.
―I think at least two bridges______over it.
A.need B.are needing
C.will need D.are needed
[要点领悟]一般现在时态可用来表示现在时间的状况或特征。
[答案与简析]例13题的对话中虽然出现了过去时态,但从句意可知,现在电脑是不能工作了,所以,要用一般现在时,故正确答案为C。
例14题中对话所表示的是现在存在的状况,所以应用一般现在时。又因为桥是“被需要的”,要用被动语态,所以正确答案应为D。
[真题回放]
15.(2007年潍坊市)Our physics teacher told us light______faster than sound last term.
A.travels B.travel C.traveled D.traveling
[要点领悟]一般现在时可用来表示客观真理、科学事实及客观存在的情况。
[答案与简析]例15题主句中的谓语动词虽为一般过去时,但是从句中所表述的内容是科学事实,应用一般现在时,所以答案为A。
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16.(2004年河北省)Oh,the milk______strange――do you think it’s OK to drink?
A.was tasted B.tasted
C.is tasting D.tastes
[要点领悟]有些表示状态或感觉的动词,如taste,smell等,常用一般现在时表示现在的状况。
[答案与简析]例16题所表示的是现在时间所发生的事情,所以可排除A、B两项;taste意为“尝起来”,通常不用进行时态和被动语态,所以正确答案为D。
17.(2007年青岛市)If you______him tomorrow,please ask him if he______to work on the farm with us.
A.see;goes B.will see;goes
C.will see;will go D.see;will go
18.(2007年北京市课标卷)I______the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.
A.will return B.returned
C.have returned D.return
19.(2006年南通市)I won’t leave my office until my work______.
A.finish B.will finish
C.are finished D.is finished
20.(2007年苏州市)―When will you come to see me,Dad?
―I will go to see you when you______the training course.
A.finished B.finish
C.are finishing D.will finish
[要点领悟]在时间和条件状语从句中,谓语动词常用一般现在时来表示将来时间。
[答案与简析]从例17题干的句子结构和句子意思来看,第一个if引导的是条件状语从句,从句谓语动词可用一般现在时表示将来时间,故可以排除B、C两项;第二个if引导的是宾语从句,谓语动词应该用一般将来时表示将要发生的动作,所以正确答案应为D。
从例18题干句子结构我们可以看出,if引导的是条件状语从句,其中tomorrow表示将来时间。从句意看,主句中说的是将要发生的动作,因此要用一般将来时态,所以答案应为A。
例19主句中用的是一般将来时态,until引导的是时间状语从句,谓语动词应该用一般现在时态表示将来时间;my work只能是“被完成”,所以,要用被动语态,故正确答案应为D。
分析例20题干的句子结构我们可知,答语中when引导的是时间状语从句,谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间。故答案为B。
二、一般过去时的考点
[真题回放]
1.(2005年黑龙江省课改)Everyone except Bill and Jim______there when the meeting began.
A.was B.is C.are D.were
2.(2005年新疆生产建设兵团)All the students and their class teacher______interested in the film they saw yesterday evening.
A.is B.will be C.was D.were
[要点领悟]be动词的过去式有两种形式,即was和were。 was与第一人称和第三人称单数主语连用,were与其他人称的主语连用。
[答案与简析]例1题干的主语是Everyone,应视为第三人称单数,except是介词,其后词语的单复数不影响everyone的人称和数,所以可排除C、D两项;题干中when引导的时间状语从句为一般过去时。从句意看,主句中的谓语动词也应为一般过去时。故答案为A。
例2题干中的主语是两个并列成分,与它连用的谓语动词也应为复数形式,据此,可排除A、C两项;定语从句they saw yesterday evening为过去时态,主句和从句的时态应保持一致,所以答案应为D。
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3.(2007年北京市课标卷)―What did you do after school yesterday?
―I______basketball with my friends.
A.play B.played
C.will play D.am playing
4.(2007年青岛市)―Who told you to clean the windows?
―Father______.He said they were too dirty.
A.told B.did
C.had told D.had told
[要点领悟]行为动词的过去式分规则变化和不规则变化。规则动词过去式的构成,通常是在词尾加-ed。 不规则动词的过去式应逐个记忆。如dodid,thinkthought,letlet等。
[答案与简析]例3题干问句中的yesterday确定了对话语境为过去时间。 play是规则动词,过去式为played,所以正确答案为B。
从例4题干问、答句的时态可知,本题用的是一般过去时;do为不规则动词,过去式是did。 did在此是代替“told me to do so”。
[真题回放]
5.(2004年镇江市)―______you at home yesterday evening?
―Yes,I______with my mother.
A.Were;were B.Was;was
C.Were;was D.Was;were
6.(2007年福州市)―Mr Green,______you______Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday?
―No,but I’ll visit them next week.
A.will;go to B.have;been to
C.did;go to D.have;gone to
7.(2007年武汉市新课程)―When______your brother______back?
―About half an hour ago.
A.did,come B.had,come
C.do,come D.have,come
[要点领悟]一般过去时态的疑问句构成有两种形式,若谓语动词为was,were,则直接将was,were提到主语的前面;若谓语动词为行为动词,则在主语前加助动词did,行为动词用原形,did用于所有人称。
[答案与简析]例5题干问句的主语是you,答语的主语是I,所以答案为C。
例6题干问句中的时间状语last Sunday表明谓语动词该用一般过去时态;行为动词过去时的一般疑问句应以did开头,所以正确答案为C。
例7中题干的答语About half an hour ago为过去时间状语,所以对话语境为过去时间;应把did置于主语之前,行为动词不变,故答案为A。
[真题回放]
8.(2005年安徽省课改)―Excuse me,please look at the sign “No Smoking”.
―Sorry,I______.
A.don’t notice it B.am not noticed
C.didn’t notice it D.wasn’t noticed
[要点领悟]行为动词的一般过去时的否定形式应由“助动词did + not + 动词原形”构成。 did not可缩写为didn’t,与所有人称的主语连用;be动词的否定形式为was not/wasn’t,were not/weren’t。
[答案与简析]根据题干对话的语境可知,此前我没有注意到(No Smoking)标牌,表示的是过去时间,空白处应填didn’t notice it,故答案为C。
[真题回放]
9.(2006年天津市)―Have you mended your shoes,Bob?
―Yes,I______them twenty minutes ago.
A.have mended B.mend
C.had mended D.mended
10.(2007年湖北襄樊市)―Hi,Henry,are you going to water the flowers today?
―No,I won’t.Because they______by the boys just now.
A.watered B.were watered
C.are watered D.have watered
11.(2007年山西省)You______arrive at 6:00 a.m.,but you arrived at 7:00 a.m.last Sunday.Don’t be late next time.
A.supposed to B.were supposed to
C.are supposed to
[要点领悟]一般过去时表示过去发生的动作,多有明确的表示过去时间的状语,或有上下文的暗示。
[答案与简析]例9答语中的twenty minutes ago是一般过去时的标志语,所以答案应为D。
例10答语中的just now常与过去时态连用;空白前的they指代the flowers,从意思上看,花应该是“被浇”,所以正确答案应为B。
从例11中的“you arrived at 7:00 a.m”我们可知,前句的意思为“你本应该上午6点到的”,指的是过去时间,所以B为正确选项。
[真题回放]
12.(2006年广州市)―What are you looking for,Michelle?
―My cousin’s MP3 player.It______right in here,and now it’s______.
A.has been;gone B.was;gone
C.was;going D.is;going
13.(2006年泸州市)―What did you do on May Day?
―I went shopping with my family.There______so many people in the street.
A.was B.are C.were
[要点领悟]一般过去时态的句子中不一定都有表示过去的时间状语,但可根据上下文来推断。
[答案与简析]从例12的语境可知,第二空白处应填“gone不见了”;前一个空白处应与后一个空白处形成对比。后句说“现在”不见了,前句当然是说“刚才”还在。因此,正确答案为B。
例13题中答语的前一句用的是一般过去时,那么,后一句也应用一般过去时,又因街上有“许多人”,主语为复数,故C为正确答案。
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14.(2007年山西省)―______you______take a bus to school?
―Yes.But now I usually go to school on foot.
A.Did,use to B.Were,used to
C.Do,use to
[要点领悟]一般过去时态表示过去的习惯动作。
[答案与简析]used to do sth意为“过去常常做某事”,表示过去的习惯动作,问句可用“did + 主语 + use”形式,也可用“used + 主语”,本题属于前者。故答案为A。
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15.(2007年河北省)We______to close the windows before we left the lab.
A.tell B.told
C.are told D.were told
[要点领悟]一般过去时的被动语态由“were/was + 过去分词”构成。
[答案与简析]例15题中,before引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态为一般过去时。空白处也应该填动词的过去式;由句意和句子结构可知,此处要用被动语态,所以D为正确答案。
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16.(2007重庆市课改)He didn’t tell me______.
A.which floor did he live B.which floor he lives on
C.which floor he lived on D.which floor he lived