特技风筝

前言：想要写出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章吗？我们特意为您整理了5篇特技风筝范文，相信会为您的写作带来帮助，发现更多的写作思路和灵感。

特技风筝范文第1篇

关键词：猕猴桃；特征特性；丰产栽培技术；徽州区

中图分类号 S66 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731（2017）02-03-0040-02

猕猴桃因具有丰富的维生素和糖分而被称为Vc之王，属于猕猴桃科猕猴桃属藤本植物，具有非常丰富的营养和保健作用。猕猴桃除直接食用之外，还可制成果酱、果汁、果脯等食品[1]。猕猴桃栽培在我国由来已久，其中安徽的黄山、大别山一带是有名的猕猴桃产区。经过多年的精心培育，徽州区猕猴桃的产量逐渐增加，带动了该区经济的发展。本文介绍了猕猴桃的特征特性，总结其丰产栽培技术要点，为广大猕猴桃种植户提供参考。

1 猕猴桃特征特性

1.1 植物学特征

1.1.1 根 猕猴桃主根不发达，次根发达，根皮层里含有丰富的淀粉，根系分布广，能够吸收大量的水分和营养物质[2]。

1.1.2 枝蔓 猕猴桃的枝蔓年生长量大，具有攀援能力，每年可长3～10m，在生长后期，枝蔓顶端能够逆时针旋转，这是其生长特征。枝蔓分为2种，一种是徒长蔓，这种枝蔓直立生长，发育不充实，一般不能成为结果母蔓，长度可达3～10m；另一种是普通蔓，这种枝蔓发育充实，多数可以结果母蔓，长度可达10～150cm。

1.1.3 花芽分化 花芽分化分为生理分化和形态分化，其中生理分化主要在开花前一年的7―9月，形态分化主要在开花当年萌芽至花蕾露白这段时间。花芽主要生长在结果母蔓从底部开始的第3～7节，是一种混合花芽。

1.1.4 结果习性 结果母蔓基部的第3～7节是主要的结果枝蔓，根据枝条长短和枝条长势分为4种，分别为徒长性结果蔓、长果蔓、中果蔓、短果蔓[3]。其中短果蔓容易枯死，其余3种结果枝蔓在结果后的第二年成为结果母蔓，每个结果蔓可长出3～5个果实，甚至更多。

1.1.5 花与果实 猕猴桃的花具有明显的特征，分为雌花和雄花。虽然形态上表现为雌雄两性花，但是生理上仅表现为一种花，即雄株上雌蕊退化，雌株上雄蕊退化，且雄花花期较长，但花期结束时间相同。果实通常在9―10月成熟，从受精到果实成熟一般需要120～140d，每个果实含有200～500粒种子，数量较多，种子呈黑色或深褐色。果实采摘后可在室温下最多存放20d。

1.2 生物学特性

1.2.1 温度 猕猴桃喜温，在适度的温度内生长发育良好，如中华猕猴桃在14～20℃、美味猕猴桃在13～18℃生长发育良好。猕猴桃在寒冷天气内容易发生冻害，冬季温度达到-10℃左右即可造成冻害，此外猕猴桃萌芽抽梢期在春季容易受到倒春寒冻害。因此，需做好保温抗寒工作。

1.2.2 水分 猕猴桃在水分充足的地方生长良好，如雨量充沛的山区。猕猴桃虽然对水分有较高的要求，但其不耐涝，长期积水会导致猕猴桃根部糜烂，严重时可导致死亡。夏天气候干燥，空气湿度不够，猕猴桃得不到足够的水分，生长发育不良，需及时进行灌溉。

1.2.3 光照 猕猴桃喜阳光但是对强光、直射光比较敏感，属于中等喜光性果树树种，全年日照时间为1 300～2 600h。成年树如果日照时间不足，会导致枝蔓生长不充实，容易死亡。但果实若经强光照射后，又容易发生日灼病。

1.2.4 土壤 猕猴桃适宜在土壤深厚肥沃、透气性好、排水良好、有机质丰富的沙壤土和石砾质壤土上生长。因此，选择猕猴桃种植地时，应选择向阳方向、排水灌溉方便、土壤肥沃地区。

2 丰产栽培技术要点

2.1 育苗 根据猕猴桃的生长特性，选择适宜的土壤作为苗圃。播种前应对土壤进行消毒，以防猕猴桃幼苗发生立枯病和猝倒病，并使用除草剂清除周围杂草。通常猕猴桃在3月下旬至4月上旬以撒播的方式进行播种。猕猴桃苗期处于夏季，为防止阳光暴晒，应及时搭荫棚。之后根据幼苗的生长情况适时移栽（长出4～6片真叶）、摘心（苗高40cm以上），以促进苗木的生长。根据苗木茎的直径适时嫁接（粗达0.6cm以上），嫁接时间一般在2月上旬至3月中旬，嫁接时要注意区分雌雄株[4]。

2.2 栽植 由于猕猴桃为雌雄异株植物，栽植时要搭配好雌雄株，注意授粉雄株的开花期与雌株保持一致，目前普遍采用的雌雄株比例为5～8∶1。猕猴桃具有攀援能力，在枝蔓开始向上攀爬前设计好支架，以适应猕猴桃的生长需要，常用的支架为“T型棚架”。猕猴桃怕风害，建园时需设置防风林。根据搭建支架的类型确定种植密度，通常情况下栽植株行距为2.5m×4m，密度为1 005株/hm2。

2.3 肥水管理

2.3.1 施基肥 基肥是保证猕猴桃生长所必需的，多在秋冬季节施加，包括厩肥、猪粪、土杂肥、饼肥等有机肥，同时混合使用速效肥，采用条、环沟的方式进行施加。基肥的施加量占全年施肥量的60%～70%。

2.3.2 适时追肥 根据资料分析和安徽猕猴桃产区的土壤肥力状况，配制专用肥用于追肥，一年3次。其中第一次追肥时间为猕猴桃萌芽后到开花前的时期，此阶段以氮肥为主，配合磷、钾肥，作用是促进萌芽；第二次追肥时间为果实膨大期，此阶段以磷钾肥为主，作用是壮果；第三次追肥时间为采收果实前20d，此阶段以叶面肥为主，作用是促进果实发育。

2.3.3 排水灌溉 猕猴桃在整个生长期内需保证土壤湿润，水分既不能多也不能少。因此，在建园时需做好猕猴桃的水分管理工作，如干旱r方便灌溉、洪涝时方便排水，以满足猕猴桃对水分的需求。

2.4 整形修剪

2.4.1 架式 猕猴桃善攀援，在种植时需做好支架，常用的支架主要篱架、个形桃架、棚架3种。根据不同猕猴桃的枝蔓结果特性选择适宜的架式，如中、长枝结果的猕猴桃选择T形架和棚架；中、短枝结果的猕猴桃选择T形架、棚架或者篱架。

2.4.2 整形 根据架式合理的整形。以棚架整形为例，整形时选择一个生长健壮的枝蔓作为主干，在主干两旁固定2根竿子引导枝蔓向上攀爬，通常要保留2个主蔓。因此，在支架下10～15cm处摘心，促发分枝，保留2个主蔓向两侧生长，主蔓上至少要留一个结果母枝。

2.4.3 修剪 主要包括夏季修剪和冬季修剪。夏季修剪的作用主要是调节枝梢长势和枝蔓量。修剪方法是去除细弱枝、徒长枝以及砧木上萌蘖，同时在普通枝蔓上摘心，在徒长性结果蔓和长果蔓上摘心或短截。冬季修剪的作用是防止伤害，主要修剪掉细弱枝、病枝、徒长枝以及过密枝等。

2.5 病虫害防治

2.5.1 病害防治 溃疡病、根腐病、花腐病、根结线虫病等是猕猴桃最常感染的病害。其中根腐病多用毒土、硼砂清除地下害虫；溃疡病多在萌芽前撒施硼砂，之后再用链霉素进行防治；根结线虫病主要是烧毁病株，并对土壤进行高温消毒、换土后方可再次使用；花腐病多通过剪去过密枝梢，开花前喷施链霉素进行防治。

2.5.2 虫害防治 蚜虫、蛀梢螟、卷叶蛾等是猕猴桃最常发生的虫害。其防治方法主要包括以下3种：（1）生物防治，主要是以虫治虫、动物治虫、生物绝育治虫等方法进行防治；（2）物理防治，包括黑光灯诱杀、诱饵毒杀、人工捕捉等方法；（3）药物防治，主要是施加药剂进行防治，常用的药剂包括乐果、甲基托布净等。

2.6 花果管理

2.6.1 人工辅助授粉 人工辅助授粉能够提高坐果率和果实品质。主要包括以下2种方法：（1）采集雄株上成熟的花粉，轻轻的涂抹在刚刚开放的雌花柱头上；（2）采集雄株上成熟的花粉，配制成1%～2%的水溶液，之后喷洒在雌花上。

2.6.2 疏花疏果 猕猴桃的坐果率可达到90%以上，如果全部保留，则果实的质量不高且果实较小。因此需要进行疏花疏果以保证果实质量。通常情况下将大果保留，剔除掉小果、畸形果、病虫果等。不同结果枝保留的大果数量不一，短果枝、中长果枝、长果枝分别保留1～2个果、3～4个果、4～5个果。

2.7 适期采收 根据果实的成熟情况和用途确定采收期。若果实种皮颜色变黑，用利刀横或纵剖果实，发现种子变黑率达95%～100%，则表明果实成熟，可以采摘。根据市场上猕猴桃的销售情况，适时适量的采收以作鲜食，作为鲜食的猕猴桃一般是采摘后放置一段时间的后熟的猕猴桃，果实由硬变软而易剥皮食用。若采收后进行贮藏加工，则应提前或者推迟采收。因猕猴桃果实为果酱，容易腐烂，因而采收时需轻拿轻放，避免机械损伤。

参考文献

[1]覃华兰，罗塞男，卢良军，等.红心猕猴桃脐红在张家界市永定区的引种表现及栽培技术[J].现代农业科技，2016（16）：83-84，94.

[2]杨朋燕.猕猴桃优系生物学特性和果实生长动态的研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2014.

[3]陶建平，陶品华，茅建新，等.猕猴桃的生物学特征特性及主要栽培技术[J].上海农业科技，2013（03）：67-68.

特技风筝范文第2篇

1、15级台风即强台风，是指中心附近最大风力14-15级（41.5-50.9m/s）的热带气旋。当强台风继续加强，会成为超强台风，如果强台风的强度减弱，会成为台风。

2、损毁性严重，对不坚固的建筑物、架空的各种线路、树木、海上船只，海上网箱养鱼、海边农作物等破坏性很大。

3、强台风发生常伴有大暴雨、大海潮、大海啸，强台风发生时，人力不可抗拒，易造成人员伤亡。

（来源：文章屋网 ）

特技风筝范文第3篇

1　技术创新风险是可管理的投机风险

风险理论把风险分为纯粹风险和投机风险。纯粹风险是指只有损失机会而无获利机会的风险，如火灾、地震等。其后果只有两种可能，即有损失或无损失。投机风险是指既有损失机会又有获利机会的风险，其后果有三种可能:盈利、损失、不盈不亏，如股票投资、经营活动中存在的风险。投机风险因有利可图而具有程度不同的吸引力，使人们为求得利益而甘冒风险。

1　技术创新风险属于投机风险。创新主体希望通过成功的技术创新获取期望的利益。但是技术创新系统在外部因素和内部因素的作用下，创新活动最终有三种可能的结果:一是创新成功，实现了预期的目标;二是创新失败，未能实现预期目标，甚至无法回收前期投入的资金;三是技术创新没有达到理想的效果，仅使投入与收益基本持平。所以在风险类型上，技术创新风险属于投机风险。

2　技术创新风险是一种动态风险，有其复杂性。即由技术创新系统的外部因素或内部因素的变动，如经济、社会、技术、政策、市场等因素的变动，研究开发、市场调研、市场营销等方面的管理不到位，均可能导致风险的发生。而所谓的静态风险是指由于自然力的非常变动或人类行为的错误导致损失发生的风险，如地震、火灾等。

3　技术创新风险在某种程度上是可以防范和控制的。技术创新活动是一种有目的、有组织的技术经济活动。通过对技术创新系统的组织管理，尤其是树立风险意识，完善风险管理，则能够在一定程度上防范和控制风险损失的发生和发展，使受控的技术创新活动向预期目标发展。

4　技术创新风险导致的失败结果在某些条件下是可以改变的。例如，电视机、电子表在美国公司经历失败之后，却在日本企业手中经过完善和市场开拓，最终获得了成功。事实上，影响技术创新的风险因素有一些是可以控制的。在改变某些可控因素之后，能够改变原来失败的结果。

5　技术创新风险是可管理风险。虽然技术创新风险不可能完全灭除，但总的来说，技术创新管理比较完善的创新主体，能够有效地防范和控制某些风险因素，其技术创新成功的可能性相对就会高一些。因此，要取得技术创新的成功，必须在完善技术创新管理的同时，还要加强技术创新的风险管理。美国著名管理学家彼德·杜拉克说过:许许多多成功的创新者和企业家，他们之中没有一个有‘冒险癖’。……，他们之所以成功，恰恰是因为他们能确定有什么风险并把风险限制在一定范围内，恰恰是因为他们能系统地分析创新机会的来源，然后准确地找出机会在哪里并加以利用，他们不是专注风险，而是专注机会。”

2　技术创新风险是一个理性过程中的风险

在技术创新这一具有创造性的过程中，必然会受到许多可变因素以及事先难以估测的不确定性因素的作用和影响。这些因素的影响使技术创新的结果具有不确定性。但技术创新过程是创新主体理性行为主导的过程，并不是人们所想象或认为的那样是一个不确定性很强的随机过程。因为，在技术创新过程中所有的工作都是有目的、有组织地进行的，其中每个阶段都包含有分析、评价、决策和实施等符合逻辑的理性行为。创新设想调研开发中试生产市场销售技术创新过程的技术创新风险分析矩阵〔3〕表明，在技术创新整个过程中的各个阶段，均可能存在技术风险、资金风险、市场风险、管理风险、决策风险、政策风险，或者说不同特征的风险，如技术、市场、管理、决策等风险，在创新过程的不同阶段具有不同的分布，其发生变化的规律存在显著的差别。技术创新风险分析矩阵技术风险市场风险财务风险生产风险管理风险政策风险创新设想调研评估研究开发中间试验批量生产市场销售创新主体需对这些可能存在的风险因素进行事前、事中分析。一方面可以采取风险管理措施，使风险处于受监测状态，防范风险，降低风险可能造成的损失。另一方面，可以通过完善的技术创新管理，如进行市场调查研究，对创新设想进行评估，切实按照目标顾客的需求和企业发展战略的要求开发新产品，制定和实施有效的市场营销策略，使技术创新活动实现其目标。事实上，技术创新综合能力不同的企业，他们所面临的创新风险有着明显的区别。创新综合能力强的企业，相对而言创新的成功率要高得多。一些技术创新调查项目的研究结果证明了这一点〔1，2〕。有的研究认为〔4〕:新产品失败率25年来保持稳定的原因，是对新产品管理能力的长期改进，要保持这种稳定，可能意味着需要付出巨大的努力。因此，随着市场竞争日趋激烈，对技术创新风险进行理性的分析，始终致力于完善技术创新管理和风险管理，是防范和控制创新风险的基本措施。

3　技术创新过程中的不确定性因素逐步递减

美国布兹·阿伦和哈米尔顿咨询公司根据51家公司的经验，归纳出新产品设想衰退曲线〔5〕。从新产品的设想到产业化成功，平均每40项新产品设想约有14项能通过筛选进入经营效益分析;符合有利可图的条件，得以进入实体开发设计的只有12项;经试制试验成功的只有2项;最后能通过试销和上市而进入市场的只有1项。事实上，在衰减过程中许多不确定性因素被逐步排除，或者说可能导致风险发生的不确定性因素随着过程的进展而逐步减少。衰减比率会因产品不同、技术的复杂程度不同而存在差别。而越保守的公司，其衰减率越高。但衰减曲线的形状具有典型性。

这一衰减过程本质上是一个学习过程，获取经验的过程。在创新设想阶段，重点是要明确技术方面的不确定因素;在调研评估阶段，重点研究顾客是否存在这种需求，企业有无能力利用这一环境机会;在取得进展后，要尽量明确在可靠程度方面存在的不确定因素。但即使到研究开发的后期，甚至产品投放市场后，不确定因素还会存在，还是会遇到一些预想不到的新的风险。

一些资料表明，有些创新活动，对创新项目估计不足，有时甚至不存在技术可行性或市场接受能力;对研究开发费用、设备调整费用和批量生产费

用估计不足，特别是常常低估后者，致使投资超过预算，甚至超过企业的承受能力，而承受过大的风险。因此，在考虑创新项目的评价时，不仅要进行事前研究，而且还要进行事中研究，对各个阶段都要进行评价，即由一次性评估转变为多阶段的评估，有一次性决策转变为多阶段决策。

4　技术创新的风险随创新过程的推进而具有积累性

国外的研究表明，应用研究阶段的成功率一般低于25%，开发研究阶段成功的可能性为25—50%，产业化或商品化阶段的成功率一般为50—70%，三个阶段的投资大体为1∶10∶100。上海对7个高新技术产业的调查，其投资的比例为1∶103∶1055。1980年美国全国工业会议的调查结果，新产品开发各阶段的费用和时间的占用比例如表1所示〔5〕。显然产品样品开发和商品化阶段是资金投入最大的两个阶段。表2　新产品开发的时间和费用分布概念开发样品开发试销商品化合计时间(%)14402323100费用(%)10301644100(注:根据〔5〕整理。)

为准确描述风险的大小，我们设I为创新项目的投资费用，P为该创新项目失败的概率，V为风险变量，它们之间的关系可用下式表示:V=I×P(1)技术创新项目从概念开发到市场实现要经历的阶段设为n个，则各阶段的风险Vi与该阶段的累积投资额I0i和失败概率Pi之间的关系为:Vi=I0i×Pii=1，2，…，n.(2)其中I0i=∑Ii，Ii为各阶段的投资额。显然，由于投资具有积累性，在技术创新过程中，尽管概念开发、方案分析阶段的淘汰率最高，但是由于该阶段投资费用和投资累积量较低，由(2)表示的风险Vi还是比较小的;而在样品开发和商品化阶段的投资比较高，累积投资量逐步扩大，其失败率虽然不像概念开发、方案分析阶段那么高，但由(2)式计算的风险V是很大的。

根据以上分析，如果在创新过程的初始阶段淘汰率不高，不尽早放弃那些没有成功希望的设想方案，就会使一些不可能取得技术成功或市场成功的开发项目进入创新的后期阶段，将使风险沉淀和积累下来，最终导致风险的增加或进一步扩大，甚至导致企业的经营危机。因此，必须采取相应的对策:①进行多阶段评价;②谋划多种可行备选方案;③将风险的控制点尽可能设置在创新过程的初期阶段，尽早释放可能存在的风险;④采取有效的管理，控制费用。

特技风筝范文第4篇

关键词 大麦；丰农啤1号；特征特性；高产；栽培技术

中图分类号 S512.3.048 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-5739（2016）20-0025-01

丰农啤1号由大中农场集团有限公司农业科技研究所从自育品种丰禾啤一号变异株经系统选育而成的，即通过连续几年的选择、繁育、田间鉴定，2009年选择稳定品系丰农啤1号，2010年进行抗性鉴定和产量比较，2011―2014年参加江苏省大麦新品种鉴定试验，综合性状优良，增产显著，2015年6月定名为丰农啤1号。丰农啤1号是适合大中农场生态条件特点和大型机械生产条件生产的大麦新品种。

1 特征特性

1.1 农艺性状及品质

大麦丰农啤1号品种为二棱春性皮大麦，幼苗半直立，叶色深绿，叶片较大，幼苗分蘖性较强，成穗率较高。有效穗数750万穗/hm2左右，每穗实粒数24～26粒；千粒重42 g左右；籽粒外观品质和内在品质优，该品种蛋白质含量为13.8%，微粉浸出率为78.5%，糖化力为350 WK，库尔巴哈值40.8%，α-氨基氮201 mg/100 g，其中5项指标超过麦芽行业标准QB 1686-93优级麦芽标准，2项接近优质麦芽标准。抽穗期比扬农啤5号迟1 d左右，成熟期与扬农啤5号相仿或迟1 d左右，株高在88 cm左右，和对照相当，耐肥抗倒性好，抗大麦黄花叶病，抗寒性强，熟相好，适合江苏沿海地区种植。

1.2 产量表现

2011―2013年参加江苏省大麦区试，2年平均产量为6 708.6 kg/hm2，比对照扬农啤5号增产3.70%。2013―2014年参加江苏省大麦生产试验，平均产量为7 341.5 kg/hm2，比扬农啤5号增产8.4%，居第1位。2013年在江苏大中农场集团有限农业科技研究所种植，平均产量7 450 kg/hm2，2014年平均产量7 500 kg/hm2，其中高产田块产量7 800 kg/hm2。

2 高产栽培技术

2.1 种子处理

播前10 d左右做好发芽试验，播前晒种2～3 d，根据发芽率、千粒重、适宜基本苗确定播种量。用大麦清或三唑醇等药剂拌种预防病害[1-2]。

2.2 机械整地与播种

机械耕透熟土层，并略带黄土，秸秆覆盖效果好，覆土平，耕幅不超标；耙土平，破土效果好，不漏耙；开沟直，沟深20～25 cm，沟宽32～35 cm，绞土匀，畦面平；肥量准，不重、不漏、不露。江苏沿海麦区丰农啤1号最佳播期在10月28日至11月8日，其他地区应根据当地气温条件进行调整。机械播种不能在路上拐弯的必须放起落线，用种量准，3.6 m 14行，行距均匀；严格控制播种深度（以2 cm左右为宜），做到播种均匀，出苗一致[3]。

基本苗控制在225万株/hm2，早播或地力水平好的田块基本苗可适当降低，晚播的基本苗可适当增加，但不超过300万株/hm2 [4]。

2.3 播后清沟

播后48 h内，必须清好田间一套沟，达到沟沟相通。每40～50 m开挖1条横沟，沟宽20～25 cm、深25～30 cm，散土均匀，积土厚度不超过2 m；条田顶头必须在播后雨前开沟，播种结束后再清沟筑埂[5]。

2.4 肥料运筹

丰农啤1号施用纯N 255.0 kg/hm2、P2O5 67.5 kg/hm2、K2O 67.5 kg/hm2，其中基肥氮占50%，P2O5、K2O各占66.7%。具体用量：基肥尿素187.5 kg/hm2，三元复合肥（15-15-15）300 kg/hm2，于倒4叶施三元复合肥150 kg/hm2、尿素75 kg/hm2，倒2叶施尿素75 kg/hm2。对田头返碱地力差的地段做好增施有机肥、冬施复合肥工作，提高返碱地段群体质量[6]。抽穗后结合病虫害防治，选用适宜的植物生长调节剂或微肥进行根外追肥[7]。

2.5 病虫草害防治

在病虫害防治上，做到播前进行药剂拌种，抽穗扬花期根据气候和田间郁闭情况防治赤霉病，加强对纹枯病、蚜虫、粘虫的调查，达标立即防治[8]。在杂草防除上，硬草采用播后苗前化除，用48%氟乐灵乳油1 200 mL/hm2+25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂3 kg/hm2进行土壤封闭，视土壤墒情用足水量。对防效差的田块及时进行茎叶处理，用5%爱秀900～1 500 mL/hm2，其中冬前化除用5%爱秀900～1 200 mL/hm2，春后化除用5%爱秀1 200～1 500 mL/hm2；对巢菜发生重的田块用75%巨星22.5～30.0 g/hm2于麦苗三叶期至分蘖末期施用，对猪秧秧等阔叶草重的田块用10%麦喜150～180 mL/hm2，化除时必须注意不漏不重，雾化良好，严禁在田间调节和试喷。所有茎叶处理应在冬前结束[9]。

2.6 适期收获

在成熟末期（20%穗头弯曲时）进行收获，机械收获时应调好转速。收获后要及时晒干或烘干扬净，水分控制在12.5%以下，确保销售啤麦籽粒的发芽率在95%以上。

）

3 参考文献

[1] 于新民，苏建权，高建军，等.大中农场丰禾啤1号高产栽培技术[J].现代农业科技，2010（18）：59.

[2] 朱建峰，杨帆.大中农场扬农啤8号大麦高产栽培技术[J].现代农业科技，2011（23）：112.

[3] 陆加荣，王建武，浦东，等.大面积啤酒大麦高产栽培技术[J].大麦与谷类科学，2009（3）：19-20.

[4] 赵永春，李红丽.黄淮地区冬啤酒大麦高产高效栽培技术[J].农业科技通讯，2013（1）：126.

[5] 尹可鉴.腾冲县啤饲大麦高产栽培技术集成研究[J].云南农业科技，2014（2）：49-52.

[6] 唐华树，杨文飞.江苏沿海地区啤酒大麦产量500 kg/667 m2优质高产栽培技术[J].上海农业科技，2015（1）：55-56.

[7] 蒋文广.大麦新品种“莆大麦9号”特征特性及高产栽培技术[J].安徽农学通报，2015，21（6）：35-36.

特技风筝范文第5篇

There are many domains research about romanticism. Whereas， the research about British positive romanticism is little. The positive romanticism has its remarkable characteristics in the various countries. The English positive romanticism pushed the romanticism literature to the high tide. Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is one of the best works of positive romanticism of Britain. This thesis mainly analyzes the background of Ode to the West Wind， and the features of positive romanticism. This thesis appreciates Ode to the West Wind in various ways by analyzing the subjectivism， the political lyricism， idealism. This thesis also illustrates the features of human being admiration for nature. Both the style of this poem and the writing ways of the poem express the British positive romanticism characteristics vividly.

Key Words

Ode to the West Wind; British; positive romanticism

摘　要

文学的研究有很多领域，对浪漫主义的研究也有很多，但是把积极浪漫主义独立起来研究却很少。积极浪漫主义的特征在各国国家都有其显著的鲜明的特征。在英国积极浪漫主义诗人用积极浪漫主义文学把浪漫主义文学推到了。雪莱的《西风颂》是英国积极浪漫主义的优秀作品，该论文通过对《西风颂》创作背景及积极浪漫主义的定义分析；及对该诗歌特征的赏析，充分地展现了积极浪漫主义主观性、政治抒情性、理想性。该论文也表现了崇尚自然热爱自然等特点。又从诗歌的创作风格、写作方法等特征都把英国乃至整个欧洲的积极浪漫主义的特征表现的淋淋尽至。

关键词

西风颂; 英国; 积极浪漫主义;

Introduction

The romanticism is often regarded as an important branch of literature. It completely manifested the social characteristic of British at that fixed period， and expressed the society's request through literature. Therefore， the close relation between literature and society was fully displayed.

The romanticism developed extremely fast in British. The essence of romanticism reflected present situation and the needs of society. Moreover， positive romanticism in Britain has manifested the different of positive romanticism characteristic. Therefore， the positive romanticism also reflected the culture of British in 19th century.

Poetry is an effective way to express positive romanticism. In order to better understand the positive romanticism， it is necessary to realize the superficial meaning and the deep meaning that the poetry express. Ode to the West Wind as one of the famous work of the English positive romanticism at that fixed period， it manifest the English positive romanticism in various kinds of ways. It can be found that Ode to the West Wind is concluded with triumphant and hopeful mind. This poem has a deep influence on his generation and almost changed the value of his people.

I. The Definition of Romanticism and Positive Romanticism

At the early 19th century， pan-European movement took place in art and philosophy. The term derives from the Romances of the Middle Ages， and it refers to the idealization of reality. In the late 18th century， it began to mean anti-Classicalism and it also represented a trend towards the picturesque and the Gothic， nostalgia， mystery and dramatic love .e.g. Walpole， Beckford and Fuseli. By the early 19th century， it had been broadened in many aspects， such as enthusiasm， the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely inpidual creator， the development of nationalistic pride， and the exaltation of the senses and emotions over reason and intellect. In addition， romanticism is a philosophical revolt against rationalism and intellect. This breadth of meaning has led to the definition of Romanticism as a 'feeling' and very little else.

In Britain， the term refers to his literary and artistic movement of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment， which stressed that logic and reason were the best response human had in the face of cruelty， stupidity， superstition， and barbarism. Instead， the romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the inpidual， the privileged status of imagination and fancy， the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention，” the human need for emotional outlets， the rejection of civilized corruption， and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life. Their writings are often set in rural or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” characters-children， young lovers， and animals. The major romantic poets included William Blake， William Wordsworth， John Keats， Percy Bysshe Shelley， and Lord Gordon Byron.

Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion， imagination， freedom from classical correctness in art forms， and rebellion against social conventions. Romanticism， attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature， painting， music， architecture， criticism， and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism can be regard as a rejection of the precepts of order， calm， harmony， balance， idealization， and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. To some extent， it is also reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasizes the inpidual， the subjective， the irrational， the imaginative， the personal， the spontaneous， the emotional， the visionary， and so on.

Compared with passive romanticism， positive romanticism strengthens the will of men， and arouses the rebellion against reality and any else. Positive romanticism is that celebrated the power of inpidual self to create a world or to raise its particular conditions.

II. The Background of Romanticism and Positive Romanticism

Romanticism was one of the trends of literary and artistic thought， produces with the 18th century， at the beginning of 19 centuries Europe bourgeois revolution time.

In 18th century France's Enlightenment idealism advocated freedom of thought， emancipation of man's inpidual character and returning to the nature， and requested breaking royal power. In 19th century romanticism movements was started in European.

In the 19th century Europe various countries labor movement and the revolutionary movements are blustery. The working class in England strived for their own rights to subsistence， the same bourgeoisie launches the heroic struggle， took of a literature performance real life important methods， it with the time revolution mood associated production revolution literature， the revolutionary literature and the romanticism union has formed the positive romanticism. Byron and Shelley are representatives for British positive romanticism.

III.The Background of Shelley and Ode to the West Wind

A. The Background of Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822)， England’s greatest lyric poet， came from a family of some importance and power. His father was Sussex county gentleman and a Whig Member of Parliament; his grand-farther， who became a baronet， had amassed a great fortune. Shelley， the oldest son， accordingly grew up with the prospect of becoming a man of wealth and title. At Eton， he proved a good classical scholar， but was not very happy， for he was by nature revolutionary and unconventional. He was known as “mad shelly” and astronomy， and the exciting experiments he conducted， gave rise to many stories. The persecutions which he endured and witnessed at school gave him a lifelong detestation of tyranny and violence.

Shelley went to Oxford full of plans and ideas for changing the system of society. Being convinced that religious faiths were harmful to man’s happiness， he and his friend T.J.HoggH put forth a small study in logic， called the Necessity of Altheism， which was objected by the Oxford authorities ， however， shelly and Hogg declined to discuss the matter. As a result they were sent off. It was a disaster for a boy at 18， for he lost a valuable education at Oxford. He fell out with his father and became a wan-darer. Though he would eventually inherit a fortune， he had no ready money. When he was 19， he eloped with Harriet Westbrook， a girl of 16 whom he scarcely knew. From Then on， shelly， always full of schemes， went on a quixotic expedition to redress the wrongs of the Irish; from Lyn mouth shortly afterwards he distributed a seditious pamphlet called the rights of man， scattering some copies by balloon and putting others into bottles and throwing them into the sea. In 1813 he printed and published extraordinary poem， Queen Mab privately which expressed his belief in a new golden age.

In his glorification of revolutionary ideas， Shelley had sought out William Godwin， author of political justice， who had married Mary Wollstonecraft， author of The Rights of Women. His marriage with Harriet proved a complete failure; Shelly eloped with Godwin’s 15-year-old daughter Mary. But that year Harriet was found drowned in the serpentine and her two children by shelly became the subject of a lawsuit. For Shelley， he was not only deeply shocked by the tragedy but also suffered the bitterness of losing his children. However， the life had to go on. To get rid of solitude， he married Mary Godwin later at Marlow， on the Thames. There， in 1816， he wrote Ablator， or the Spirit of Solitude， the first long poem to show his true genius. Next year he wrote a long imaginative poem on liberty and love， the Revolt of Islam， which contained many fine passages of description and narrative and was inspired by the French Revolution.

At that time， Shelly had become a friend of Leigh Hunt and Peacock and had met Keats. Finally in 1818， to escape prejudice and insult， and also Godwin’s constant demands for money， Shelley decided to seek peace in Italy. There shelly gave up his dream of reforming the world by the means of direct political action and decided to pass on his inspiration to others through his poetry. In this belief he composed his Prometheus Unbound， enjoyed for its incomparable music， its color and story， as well as because it contained Shelly’s noblest ideas. To this period， too， he wrote his Lines in the Eugenia Hills and Julian and Maddalo， an autobiographical poem based on a happy visit to Byron in VeniceH. Meanwhile Shelly wrote his finest lyric， such as the Cloud， the Skylark， the Ode to the West Wind and so on. The music and intensity showed that Shelly was entering on a new stage of personal and imaginative greatness.

B. The Background of Ode to the West Wind

The poem was composed in 1819 when European labor movement and the revolutionary movement surged. To fight for their right， British working class began to struggle with the bourgeoisie. At August of that year， 80，000 workers in Manchester held a massive demonstration. Of course， the reactionary authorities had dispatched troops to suppress. That was well-known as the Bideilei Massacre. For Shelley was in favor of British revolution， he was expelled from the United Kingdom. Then he came to Italy， he met Keats， had made great influence to Shelley a lot on revolutionary cause. Form the above; we can see that in Britain there was no freedom.

Ode to the West Wind is the most representative of Shelley’s feelings and thoughts at that time. It is a mixture of death and rebirth. Shelley is concerned with the regeneration of himself spiritually and poetically and of Europe politically. In the first three stanzas， the dynamic force of the west wind is manifested in its power on the land， in the air， and in the sea in different seasons. It is the destroyer and preserver. It will destroy the old world and herald in a new one. In the fourth stanza Shelley wishes that he were a leaf， a cloud， and a wave， so that he could feel the power of the west wind; but he is aware of his age and his sufferings in life， which have bent him down. Finally， he appeals to the wind， the wind of aspiration and change， to reinvigorate him and to give force and persuasiveness to his poetry.

IV. The Features of Positive Romanticism in Ode to the West Wind

A. Enthusiasm

The romanticism has two big branches which are the negative romanticism and the positive romanticism. To a certain extent the positive romanticism has its positive characteristic as the name suggests.

The positive romanticism mostly manifests in the positive romanticism poet dares to face the reality， critique society's darkness， is spearheaded at the feudal aristocracy， opposed in the capitalist society survives the feudal factor， simultaneously all sorts of evil phenomenon which creates to bourgeoisie itself also has the exposition， thus the fill revolt， the fight fervor， will send ideally in the future， will yearn for the new happy life. In this poem， Shelley wants to create a new free country. He talks of the “Mediterranean” and the “summer dream”. In the dream， the reader finds the sea lying “Beside a pumice isle in baize’s bay quivering within the waves’ in tenser day”. Shelley implants the ideas of volcano with the word “pumice.” The “old palaces and tower” stir vivid image of ancient Rome and Greece in readers mind. Shelley also uses these images in the sea’s dream to show that the natural world and the human social and political world are parallel.

B. Subjectivism

In the poem the west wind is not merely the wind of the nature， the subject which is the counter-capitalism counter-old influence， instead of regarding poetry as “a minor to nature” the source of which is in the outer world， romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful felling” which express the poets mind.

In Ode to the West Wind， Percy Bysshe Shelley tries to gain transcendence， for he shows his thoughts， like the "winged seeds" trapped. The west wind acts as a driving force for change and rejuvenation in the human and natural world. Shelley views winter not just as last phase of vegetation but as the last phase of life in the inpidual， the imagination， civilization and religion. Shelley looks forward to freedom. From this “winged seeds” it presents image of flying and freedom. The important word is “seeds” for it which shows that even in death， new life will grow out of “grave” the phrase “winged seeds” also brings images of religions， angels or souls which can create new life continuously.

Heavenly images are confirmed by his use of the word “azure” which is also defined besides the meaning of blue sky， In Webster’s dictionary， as an “unclouded vault of the heaven”， the word “azure” is connected with the word “spring”， and it helps show Shelley’s view of rejuvenation. In addition， the word “spring” also means to rise up except being a literary metaphor for rebirth. In line nine， Shelley uses soft sounding phrases to communicate the blowing of the wind， this tierce cuts as an introduction and foreshadow of what is to come later. Shelley goes on to talk of the wind as a “destroyer and preserver”. The wind is also a person that to create freedom. Form this we can see that “wind” is a power which can destroy the old day and create new life. Therefore， Ode to the West Wind is a song of revolution at that time.

C. Idealism and Imagination

Just like Gorky pointed out “the romanticism is one mood， it complex moreover throughout how many fuzzily reflected actually is covering transition time society's all feelings and the mood color， but， its main key is to new thing anticipation”. The romanticism refers to the appearance according to the people， through the life phenomenon idealization description， and them displays certain social psychology and the emotion creation method. The romanticism ideal displays in the character image mold are the romanticism which is based on the basis of the idealized principle， through the unreal plot， in a special environment， exerts oneself in the description ideal the character image. These characters often have the unusual super human's moral character， ability and the behavior. The positive also inherit this feature.

转贴于 In this poem we can see that Shelley wants to establish a new free society. “drive my dead thoughts over the incantation of this verse; like wither，d leaves to quicken a new birth”， and “if winter comes， can spring be far behind”. It is obvious that Shelley is looking forward to new thoughts and new society.

On behalf of the positive of romantic， Shelly can’t see the future of socialism， but he also can't escape the circle of ideal socialism. It makes another feature of positive of romantic idealism. Does the poet describe what they will create in this poem?

D. Political Tendentiousness

Judging from the background of the positive romanticism， the positive romanticism must have certain characteristic belonged to that era. Political tendentiousness is the positive romanticism to that time reflection and the portrayal.

From Ode to the West Wind we can feel the intense of political tendentiousness， the west wind is “destroyer and preserver”， the west wind Cleans these which “yellow， and black and pale， and hectic red” Heartless. The west wind “thou on whose stream ， mid the steep shy，s commotion”. The west wind is not the nature wind. It is the revolution wind， the wind against bourgeoisie， and against the power of Feudal.

E. Emotion and Nature

The romanticism poet's poetry mostly originates from the nature. Nature for the romanticists comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery， but provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth conceives of nature as “the nurse， the guide and guardian of my heart and soul.” Nature to the romanticists is a source of cleanliness and spiritual understanding; it is a teacher; it is the stepping-stone between man and god， so romantic poets mostly take describing the nature to eulogize the nature as the subject. The positive romanticism poet has not discarded this characteristic.

According to Shelley said “the idea of writing this first poem is basically. In Florence Arnoux river bank woods， same day the temperature is genial， fresh， but this storm is gathering the moisture， under the incline the autumn rain”. From this the poet has felt the wild westerly wind， and life of the fall breath. Then the poet wrote westerly wind only because of this real， and the magnificent sight.

From the poem it is can be seen that Shelley was eulogy the west wind， but he was not just a singers， he Represents taking the westerly wind as the topic， taking the subject in the nature， and this is full of the fervor the poetic composition， selects a scene in this is naturally the romanticism universal characteristic also is the positive romanticism characteristic， does obeisance? Wordsworth sends the poet in a big way for representative's lakeside always describes the nature .in this poem Shelley described the change of the fall. The poet creates originating from the Italian Florence's suburb. Is precisely because the poet is good at observing the nature， only then had this classical poetry.

The romanticism writers all advocate the nature. Is naturally they express the feelings the nature carry. The romanticism work is often expressed the feelings， and author’s emotion pouring out swiftly with reveals. The positive romanticism is more radical， therefore the sentiment expresses intensely. Shelley has also displayed this characteristic in Ode to the West Wind. This poem starts from the eulogy westerly wind， in fourth Stanza “if I were a dead level thou mightiest bear; if I were a swift cloud to fly with thee” The poet compares oneself to others by the westerly wind. The poet expressed the poet the deep love and yearned for the nature through the westerly wind. He used the westerly wind to urge on oneself， expressed the free pursuit， with the hope to establish happy world.

F. Syncretism with Other Art

Form this poem， it can be found that very strange rhyme， because Shelley use the tetrza rima. It is a three line unit a tercet .rhyming a b a， the “b” rhyme is carried into next tercet ，b c b ，each stanzas has four tercets of interlocking rhyme and ends in a couplet using the middle rhyme of the last tercet. Thus the rhyme schemes are a b a， c d c， d e d and go on. It makes the rhyme very cheerful， and it also enables the poem and has the very strong rhythm， and highlight the musicality. It is just the same as Dante's Divine Comedy. From this poem， it also can be found that the beauty of music from the west wind， “make thy lyre， even as the forest is”. The Aeolian harp gives musical sounds as the wind blows through it. Here the forest is compared to the Aeolian harp lyre， and the poet prays that he also maybe the Aeolian harp so that he could feel the power of the west wind. It makes the sound of west wind more vivid and makes the poem more musical.

G. The Writing Style

The writing style of the poem efficiently reflects the features of positive romanticism.

a. The Free Writing Style

There are differences between writing techniques of romanticism and literature before it. In style， the romantic poets are prefer to boldness over the preceding age’s desire for restraint， maximum suggestiveness over the neoclassical ideal of clarity， free experimentation over the “rules” of composition， genre， and decorum， and they promoted the conception of the artist as “inspired” creator over that classicism literature which sticks to old ways equally， constrains the inpiduality， and it isn’t like the realism literature same language to encourage sharply， but is pursues the inpiduality liberation creation absolutely free， the poetry aspect is not tracking down traditional the form. Displays in the romanticism literature creation many and varied creation style.

First， romanticism is good at using the technique of exaggerating symbol. It also likes utilizing the magnificent literary flourishes， in the work fills the vivid rich analogy， causes beautiful and ugly， friendly and forms the sharp contrast and the striking comparison wickedly. The positive romanticism has completely inherited these characteristics of romanticism， and the language even more encourages.

In 19th， many poets like writing poem. Poem is the best choice for many positive romantic poets. For example，the most famous work of Byron is Don Juan， the most famous poem of Keats is Ode to a Nightingale. Because poem can express their feelings and it is one kind of art language， the poem is one kind of art which is to the soul and to the exploration. The poem can express the inner soul. It can make the distance between the human and the poetry closer. It also can form the sympathetic chord， and reach the effect of beautiful enjoyment. The poem is one kind of creativity. It does not stop using the language to create inner world. As the energetic movement， it is the way to liberate inner feelings， so it indicates another world. The poem is supposed to be revolutionary and timeliness. Sometimes it is mind record， which is based on the background of time. The poem is in the form of rhythmic， so the artistic effect is very obvious. All of these are expressed by the positive poets.

b. The Feature of the Poem’s Words

Romanticism is different from the realism and other literature， the words of romantic literature are very flowery， which is the as the positive romanticism. From this poem we also can get the feature. In this poem the feature of the language gorgeous mainly displays in the strong sentimental color and the bright demeanor. For example， when the poet writes the leaves， he uses the “Yellow， black， pale， hectic red”， and when he writes the wind there are many places using the word “hear”， which express that many time the poet wants to make the hearing and the vision unify to make the word more vivid.

The words of this poem’ express intense Summons， for example， “Pestilence-stricken multitudes， with living hues and odors plain and hill， of the horizon to the zenith's height， like writher’s leaves to quicken a new birth. If Winter comes， can spring be far behind?”

H. Rhetoric Device

a. Hyperbole

In this poem， Shelley used many hyperboles. Hyperbole in other words is exaggeration. It puts a picture into the readers mind. Hyperbole is frequently used in humorous writings. Hyperbole is common in humorous poetry， because it can make a point in a light-hearted way. It can be used to poke fun at someone or something. In this poem the hyperbole is used clearly; poet’s thoughts change very fast. Sometimes it maybe in the sky， but sometimes it is in the Mediterranean.

b. The Symbol Device

In the romantic poets view the symbol is aesthetic correlatives of nature’s emblematic language. There are great values because they could simultaneously suggest many tings， and they are regard as being superior to the one –to –one communications of allegory. Partly， it may have been the desire to express the “inexpressible” the infinite through the available resources of language that led to symbol at one level and myth (as symbolic narrative) at another. "Ode to the West Wind" used the symbol device， the entire first poem surrounds the autumn westerly wind to write an essay from the beginning to end， regardless of is describes the scenery or expresses feelings， all has not been separated from this specific description object， has not used political terminology and revolutionizes the slogan. However read after this short poem， we deep deeply feel actually， Shelley in sings the westerly wind， is incompletely sings the westerly wind， in the poet essence is through sings the westerly wind to sing to revolutionize. In poem westerly wind， remnant leaf， seed， class cloud， rainstorm thunder and lightning， sea mighty waves， seabed colored tree and so on， all is the symbolic things， they are containing the profound implication， the moving scenery which the nature wind and cloud surges， is the world vigorous development revolutionary struggle symbolic reflection.

Conclusion

The romanticism has two aspects. There are positive romanticism and the negative romanticism. Literature has regional characteristic， so positive romanticism in British has their own characteristic. The romanticism asserted that reliance upon emotion and love and passions for nature provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guidance to ethics and living.

The Ode to the West Wind took the world literature， and it has manifested many characteristics of positive romanticism， but it didn’t completely manifest the positive romanticism characteristic. Subjectivism， idealism， deeply loves for nature all embodiment the characteristics of positive romanticism.

Shelley is one of the repressive of positive romanticism. To some extent， Shelley is famous for “Ode to the West wind”. This poem is filled with triumphant and hopeful emotion.

This thesis targets at analyzing the features of positive romanticism. There also exist some faults in this thesis. The author hopes other English learners make more research.

Bibliography

[1] I.G.Robertston. The Genesis of Romantic Theory. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Education Press， 1923.

[2] W.T.Jones. The Romantic Syndrome. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 1961.

[3] A.Thorlby. The Romantic Movement. California: California University Press， 1966.

[4] L.R.Furst. Romanticism in Perspective. London: Cambridge University Press， 1969.

[5] 江枫. 雪莱诗选[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，1983.

[6] 北京师联教育科学研究所. 外国诗歌基本解读英国卷（中）[M]. 北京：人民武警出版社，2002.

[7] 刁克利. 英美文学欣赏[M]. 北京：中国人民大学出版社，2003.

[8] 桂杨清， 吴翔林. 英美文学选读[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译公司出版，1985.

[9] 田文信. 论浪漫主义[M]. 长沙：文化艺术出版社，1988.

[10] 朱光潜. 西方美学史[M]. 北京：人民文学出版社，1979.

[11] 杨周翰. 吴达元. 欧洲文学史[M]. 北京：人民文学出版社，1979.

[12] 肖亚娟. 西风颂赏析[J]. 辽宁：辽宁师范学院学报，2004.

[13] 程利平. 沈洁. 英国浪漫主义时期的历诗创作[J]. 广州：番禺职业技术学院学报，2006.

[14] 陆路. 浪漫与哲性.西风颂的两种解读范式[J]. 合肥：安徽教育学院学报，2005.

[15] 赵红英. 英国文学简史文学指南[M]. 北京：中国传媒大学出版社，2006.