sleep的过去式

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sleep的过去式范文第1篇

关键词：探究语言规律；巧学妙记；不规则动词

在高中阶段的英语学习中，动词的学习仍然是非常重要的。这是因为动词是英语句子的重心所在。同一个动词因语境不同需进行相应的时态，语态等方面的词形变化。英语动词有五种基本形式：（1）动词原形；（2）第三人称单数形式；（3））过去式；（4）过去分词和（5）现在分词。其中最难掌握的就是动词的过去式和过去分词。因为过去式和过去分词构成形式有两种情况：一类是规则动词，都由动词原形词尾加-ed构成，如work―worked--worked. 这类动词的过去式和过去分词完全一样，学生只要熟记几条变化规则就可基本掌握。

另一类是不规则动词。不规则动词的变化相当复杂，既难学，又难记。因为由动词原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则。有些动词的过去式和过去分词甚至与原形相去甚远，几乎看不见原形的“影子”。在阅读英语文章时，这些不规则动词就像生词一样成为学生的拦路虎，严重影响阅读理解。例如：The soldiers fled in all directions when the plane flew over their head.许多学生因为不知道这个句子中的fled 和flew是哪两个动词的过去式，把它们当作生词，因而读不懂句子。又如：He lit a candle .这一句中的lit就很难与light（点燃）联系起来。尽管现代英语中的不规则动词总数不超过二百个，但大多数却是常用动词，并且使用频率相当高，如果记的不熟练，就会使学生在英语学习中对文章的正确理解造成困难。又因中英文化语法方面的差异，中国学生对这种词形变化的掌握感到困难。很多英语语法书上都说：“不规则动词的变化没有一定的规律，需单独记忆”。死记硬背，只能暂时记住，但时间一长，就又忘得一干二净。那么，如何解决不规则动词这个难题呢？笔者通过多年的教学研究，认为不规则动词也有其内在的规律。如果教师在平时的教学中，指导学生探究这些规律，巧学妙记，不规则动词这个难题就可以轻松解决了。通过多年教学积累，我把中学课本上出现的不规则动词按变化情况归纳成五大类型：1.AAA型。2. AAB型。3.ABA型。4.ABB型。

第一种AAA型，即动词原形，过去式，过去分词三种词形完全一样。它们有，burst，cast，cost；bid，hit，hurt，quit；let，set；cut， put，shut；read，spread等。这些单词的特点是：都是单音节词且词尾都是辅音字母t和d（但get和sit例外）。记忆时可用打节拍的方式，如bid―bid―bid。学生觉得既有趣，又易上口，且记得牢。

第二种AAB型，即动词原形，过去式两种词形完全一样，而过去分词发生变化。英语中只有beat一个动词。可以用趣味记忆法：beat―beat―beaten“打―打―打疼”.

第三种ABA 型，即过去分词与原形相同，而过去式发生变化。这类动词数量也不多，只有come（来），become（成为）， overcome（克服），run（跑）四个。可以用顺口溜缩记为：来成为，克服跑。

第四种ABB型，即过去式与过去分词的变化完全相同。英语中65%的动词都是属于这一类的（事实上，所有的规则动词都属于这一类，例如：work―worked―worked）。只要记住过去式，也就记住了过去分词。我们可用“词形相似，变化相似”的规律，让学生归类总结，记忆此类动词。

1.动词原形是“-ee-”型的，用口诀：“去掉一个e，词尾加个t；t，d结尾不加t”如feel―felt―felt.有creep，kneel，sweep，keep， sleep，feel，weep等。而bleed，feed，meet，speed四个动词以t，d结尾，去掉一个e即可，不再加t.如：feed―fed ―fed.口诀：“爬着跪着扫地，睡觉感觉哭泣，遇到加速流血，保持喂养不宜。” 但是flee―fled―fled；freeze―froze―frozen；seek―sought―sought；see―saw―seen。这四个动词例外，须特别记忆。

2.词形相似的say，lay，pay三个动词，变化规律相似，要把ay变为aid.如say―said―said.词形相似的还有bend，lend， send，rend，spend，是把末尾的d变成t即可。如：bend―bent―bent；lend―lent―lent。还有spill，spell，smell，dwell都是以两个“ll”结尾，需要把末尾字母l变成t。如spill―spilt―spilt；spell―spelt―spelt等。过去式与过去分词以“辅音字母-ought”的形式变化的有bring，buy，fight，seek，think五个动词。根据它们的汉语意思用口诀记为：带来买战斗，寻找想遨游（ought）。而以“辅音字母-aught”形式变化的有catch，teach这两个动词，用口诀记为：抓住教学是爱幼（aught）

sleep的过去式范文第2篇

一、要做学习的管理者

在英语教学活动中，最大限度地激发学生的学习积极性，培养学习兴趣，首先要做一个学习的管理者。

1.学会自主学习。我在教学中发现，凡是英语学习自主的同学，成绩都比较好，凡是在父母或老师的威逼下学习的同学，成绩都较差。

2.提高学习效率。学习的效率就蕴含在各个学习环节之中。只有把握好每个环节的质量，才能从整体上提高学习效率。

3.科学安排时间。一般来说，英语难学而且背的东西很多，就需要给英语多安排学习时间，还要能充分地有效地利用这些时间。在制订学习计划时，除了从实际出发、区分轻重缓急、做出可操作的安排外，还需要注意以下几点。

（1）要有弹性：留出部分时间，以便能根据实际情况调整计划。

（2）适合自己：根据自己的学习方式和能力作出恰当的安排，合理地分配时间。

（3）自我激励;当高效率地执行计划，或遇到困难仍坚持完成计划时，适当地给自己一些奖励。

二、要了解自己的学习方式。

心里学家认为，每个人在学习方式上都有自己的特点。当学生在适合自己的环境中学习时，就能获得更好的学习效果。例如：

1.小王喜欢早上看书学习，小李觉得中午学习的效率高，而小刘喜欢晚上熬夜看书。

2.小刚觉得一个人独自学习效果好，而小伟觉得与小伙伴一起学习效果更好。

3.小军喜欢通过阅读来学习，小静觉得听别人讲更容易学到知识，而小新觉得自己动手做的事情更容易记住。

4.小黄在周围同学说话的时候也能看书，不太受干扰，而小孙则要在比较安静的时候才能学习。

因此，每个同学要了解并选用适合自己的方式学习。

三、要找到适合自己的学习方法

我认为，要想学好英语，必须找到适合自己的一些特别方法。

1.朗读法。朗读法是指把所要记的东西大声读出来记忆的方法。

2.默读法。此法是指把要记的东西不读出声来的记忆方法。

3.朗读默读法。此法是指把所要记的内容先朗读一两遍，再默读记忆，记得更快更牢。

4.对比法。此法是指把要学要记的内容放在一起作对比记忆的方法。英语中的同义词、近义词、反义词、对应词就可用此法记。例如，将good（好的）与well(好的),long(长的)与short(短的)，father（父亲）与mother（母亲），up（向上）与down(向下)等词放在一起对比着记效果不错。

5.归类法。此法是指把表示同一类事物或现象的词全部放在一起记忆的方法。例如，red（红色的）,yellow（黄色的）,blue（蓝色的）等表颜色的词可一起记；head（头），neck（脖子），arm（胳膊）等人体部位的词可一起记。Monday（星期一）,Wednesday（星期三）,Sunday（星期日）等表示星期的词可一起记。

6.理解记忆法。此法是指对所要记的东西必须在理解意思的基础上记忆的方法。例如，英语动词sleep的过去式是slept,sweep的过去式是swept,keep过去式是kept.由此可找到记忆的规律：这三个动词里的eep在过去式里都变成了ept.

四、要学会享受学习

在学习过程中，需要克服困难，刻苦努力，是很苦的，但在这个过程中，我们不断发现自己的潜能，能获得一种不断超越自己的快乐。因此，要认识到学习英语的苦与乐，正确对待苦与乐，在苦中寻乐，要把苦当做乐、当做一种享受，才能学好英语。

五、要做到正确认识自己

我们需要不断更新、不断完善对自己的认识，才能使自己变得更好和更完美。

1.要做到用发展的眼光看待自己。在英语学习中，有的学生怎么学也学不好，把自己看死了，看扁了，没发展了。熟不知，如果肯想办法、肯努力学，一定会有进步，最终能学好英语的。

2.要全面认识自己，既要看到自己的短处，也要看到自己的长处。有的学生认为自己笨，再加上英语基础差，就对学习英语失去信心。熟不知“笨鸟先飞”、“勤能补拙”！只要自己勤学苦练、比聪明的同学多下些功夫，就一定能学好英语，说不定还能赶上并超过原来比自己学得好的同学哩。

sleep的过去式范文第3篇

V.单项选择(共15小题，每小题1分，计15分)

21. Li Na others and got the gold medal.

A. won B. beat C. hit D. played

22. My bike was broken. So I have it .

A. taken B. brought C. repaired D. bought

23. We have nothing today. How about going to the concert?

A. do B. to do C. doing D. did

24.—I didn’t hear of the news.

—Me .

A. too B. either C. as well D. neither

25. the game is to me!

A. How important B. What important C. How an important D. What an important

26. All the students in our class like Huo Zun Li Ming. He likes Li Qi best.

A. beside B. besides C. except D. except for

27. People in the south had to prepare the flood.

A. in B. for C. of D. with

28. Three years ago, he met a good teacher. he has given up his bad habits.

A. In all B. Since then C. When D. Since

29. The lion is the symbol courage.

A. of B. at C. on D. in

30. They slapped their hands that they loved the picture show.

A. showed B. to show C. of showing D. show

31. The father gives his son the way of making money money itself.

A. instead B. instead of C. though D. but

32. The head of the team, by us, is from another city.

A. choose B. chose C. chosen D. is chosen

33. What he does is than what he says.

A. power B. powerful C. more powerful D. most powerful

34. Is it always easy for you the news on the radio?

A. listen to B. to listen to C. listening to D. to listening to

35. Instead of the truth, he told a lie.

A. tells B. tell C. to tell D. tellingVI.完形填空(共15小题，每小题1分，计15分)

Happiness is important for everyone. Most people want to be happy， 36 few know how to find happiness. Money and success alone 37 lasting happiness. Happiness depends on ourselves. In other words，we make 38 own happiness. Here are 39 ways to help you be happier.

40 secret of happiness is to enjoy the simple things in life. Too often，we spend so much time 41 about the future—for example，getting into college or getting a good job—that we fail to enjoy the 42. You should enjoy life’s simple pleasures，such as 43 a good book，listening to your favorite music，or spending time with close friends. People who have several close friends tend to live happier and healthier lives.

The second secret to leading a happy life is to be 44. Many people experience this by dancing，or playing a sport. You can forget about your problems，and 45 think about the activity.

Finally，many people find happiness in helping 46 .According to studies，people feel good 47 they volunteer their time to do many meaningful things for other people. If you want to feel happier，do 48 for someone. You can help a friend 49 his or her studies，go shopping to get food for 50 old neighbor，or simply help out around the house by washing the dishes.

36. A. but B. as C. or D. so

37. A. do not accept B. do not take C. do not bring D. do not like

38. A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

39. A. few B. a few C. a little D. little

40. A. The first B. At first C. First of all D. The last

41. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought

42. A. past B. present C. future D. yesterday

43. A. seeing B. watching C. reading D. looking

44. A. active B. quiet C. strict D. cold

45. A. ever B. never C. only D. yet

46. A. another B. other C. others D. the other

47. A. what B. when C. where D. why

48. A. something nice B. something serious C. something difficult D. something bad

49. A. in B. on C. with D. at

50. A. a B. an C. / D. twoVII.阅读理解(共15小题，每小题1分，计15 分)

A

Babies sleep about eighteen hours a day.Mrs. Thatcher and Napoleon both said they only needed to do it three or four hours a night.No one can live without sleep.But how much do we really need?

Research(研究)by the National Sleep Foundation in Washington says that we all need eight hours’ sleep every night.Scientists have found that people who sleep for less than six and a half hours a night are more often ill than people who sleep for eight hours.Going without sleep also increases(增加)the chance of serious illness.“Workaholics(工作狂)”who sleep for less than five hours often die young，and do less well at work.

The scientists found that adults(成年人)usually sleep for seven hours a night，with 32% sleeping less than six hours.

It also says that the idea that we need less sleep as we get older is completely untrue.“People have no idea how important sleep is to their lives.”Dr. Thomas Roth，director of the Foundation says.“Good health needs good sleep.”

“But not too much of it.”says Professor Jim Horne of Loughborough University,“sleep is like food and drink，”he believes，“you would always like to have a little bit more，but that doesn’t mean you need it.”Professor Horne studied a group of people who could spend as many hours as they wanted in bed，after ten hours they didn’t find it any easier to get up in the morning.And people who sleep for more than nine hours a night die younger than people who usually sleep for seven or eight!

51. How many hours a day do babies sleep?

A. About 8 hours. B. About 3 hours. C. About 4 hours. D. About 18 hours.

52. It’s for your health to work without sleep.

A. good B. healthy C. bad D. useful

53. The word “it” in the sentence “But not too much of it.” means .

A. idea B. sleep C. work D. study

54. Professor Horne found it was not for people to get up in the morning after ten hours’ sleep.

A. easier B. happier C. more important D. more difficult

55. The passage(文章)is about .

A. sports B. food C. sleep D. drink

B

Music is an international language. Popular music in America is what every student likes. Students carry small radios with earphones and listen to music before class，after class，and at lunch. Students with cars buy large speakers and play the music loudly as they drive on the street. Adult drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports，the weather，politics，and activities of the American people. Most of the radio broadcast is music.

Popular music singers make much money. They make a CD or tape which radio stations use in every state. Once the popular singer is heard all over the country，young people buy his or her tape. Some of the money from these tapes comes to the singer. Wherever the singer goes，all the young people want to meet him or her. Now the singer has become a national star.

There are other kinds of music that are important to Americans. One is called folk music. It has stories about the common life of Americans. Another is called western or country music. This was started by cowboys who would sing at night to the cows they were watching. Today，any music about country life and the love between a country boy and his girl is called western or country music. Serious music for the concert halls is called classical music. Music for instruments is called orchestra music，such as the symphonies of Beethoven.

56. Almost every American student likes .

A. popular music B. American songs C. folk music D. classical music

57. What do adult drivers do while they are driving?

A. Listen to pop songs. B. Listen to news and make a CD.

C. Listen to music and news. D. Listen to folk music.

58. What’s one of the reasons that singers become national stars?

A. Their CDs or tapes are used in every state. B. Several young people buy their CDs.

C. They are followed by young people. D. They are handsome or beautiful.

59. was started by cowboys.

A. Popular music B. Western music C. Serious music D. Folk music

60. What may be the best title for this passage?

A. Popular Music in America B. Kinds of Music in America

C. How to Be Famous Singers D. History of MusicC

Do you know something about the holiday camps in Hong Kong? The students in Hong Kong used to take part in an English holiday camp in their holidays.And their parents weren’t with them.Though they were very young.

Now they still enjoy taking part in many kinds of holiday camps without their parents.Many parents let their children take part in some kinds of holiday camps in order to learn some practical knowledge in their life, some knowledge about living skills, science, reading and writing...The most important for the children is to learn to look after themselves.

Holiday camps in Hong Kong are not so expensive.Most of the families can afford to send their children there for further study, for making their bodies strong...And the government never charges (收费) for them.

It is said that students in Hong Kong have much knowledge about many things.Perhaps it has something with the kinds of holiday camps.

61. Students in Hong Kong like to take part in the .

A. holiday camps B. English holiday camps

C. science holiday camps D. Chinese holiday camps

62. When students in Hong Kong are in the holiday camps, their parents .

A. must be with them B. have to look after them nearby

C. must stay at home D. aren’t with them

63. The most important thing for the students to take part in the holiday camps in Hong Kong is .

A. to make their bodies strong B. to learn much knowledge about many things

C. to learn to look after themselves D. to have a further study about many subjects

64. The cost to take part in a holiday camp is .

A. very dear B. not cheap C. very high D. low

65. The students who often take part in the holiday camps .

A. must be knowledgeable B. must be very thin

C. must be very tall D. must be very beautifulVIII.任务型阅读(共5小题，每小题2分，计10分)

It’s easier to agree than disagree. The following tips can help keep disagreements constructive.

•Don’t make it personal.

If you get upset, it can help to remember that you’re mad at the person’s idea, not the person.

•Never criticize the other person’s idea.

Instead of saying“That’s a stupid idea!”, try:“I don’t agree, and here’s why.”Never shout loudly and you’ll have a much better chance of getting your idea across.

•Use “I” statements to communicate how you feel and what you think.

Using“you”statements can sound argumentative (好争论的). For example, telling your mom“You always remind me of my chores when I have a lot of homework”has a very different tone(语气)from“I’m under pressure because I have a lot of homework tonight. Can I do those chores tomorrow?”

•Listen to the other point of view.

When the other person is talking, try to stop thinking about why you disagree or what you’ll say next. Instead, focus on what’s being said. When it’s your turn to talk, repeat some key points the other person made to show you have paid attention to what was said. Then calmly express why you disagree.

•Stay calm.

This is the most important thing that you can do to keep a conversation going on well.

66题判断正误(“T”表示正确，“F”表示错误);67题完成句子;68、69题简略回答问题; 70题将文中画线句子译成汉语。

66. The passage mainly talks about tips to show disagreements.[ ]

67. is the most important thing that you can do to keep a conversation going on well.

68. What should we do when the other person is talking?

69. What should we say if we disagree with someone?

70.

IX.根据句意及汉语提示完成单词(共5小题，每小题1分，计5分)

71.Though they meet often, they send (信息)to each other sometimes.

72.He has already (分离)the red apples from the green ones.

73.What they do shows that they are (绅士).

74.That man always (表现)like that, so he gets himself disliked.

75. The ball was thrown onto the ground. It (弹起)quickly.X.基础写作(包括A、B两部分，A部分5分，B部分15分，共计20分)

A.连词成句(共5小题，每小题1分，计5分)

76. close, his, he, lives, friend, tow

.

77. say, girl, to, something, let’s, the

.

78. to, dispute, it, fun, is, with, deal, the

?

79. checked, the, have, messages, you

?

80. too, our, we, busy, game, were, with

.

B.书面表达(计15分)

81. 假如你是李华，现实生活中你遇到了一些烦恼。你兴趣广泛，喜欢唱歌、画画、体育运动等，所有这些带给你许多快乐，但妈妈怕你因此耽误学习，所以不允许你发展这些爱好。你觉得妈妈不理解你，所以你们经常争吵。你很苦恼，不知道怎么办才好。

请根据上述内容给你的好朋友Sally写一封80词左右的电子邮件，希望她能帮助你。开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Sally,

I have some trouble in my life.

Yours,

Li Hua21. B 由句中got the gold medal可知“李娜击败了其他的人”。beat sb.是“击败某人”之意。故选B。

22. C take“拿”;bring“带来”;repair“修理”;buy“买”。由“我的自行车坏了”可知“所以我让人把它修理了”，所以repair符合要求。故选C。

23. B 此处是动词不定式to do作后置定语。

24. D 前句是否定式，后句表示“我也不”，要用Me neither.。故选D。

25. A 本句是一个感叹句，由句中the game可知此处应是“How+形容词...!”结构，故选A项。

26. C beside“在……旁边”;besides“除……之外还有……”，强调“另外(还)……”;except“除……之外其余都……”，强调“排除……在外”;except for“除……之外”，表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。由后句“他最喜欢李琦”可知前句意为“除李明之外我们班所有学生都喜欢霍尊”，所以except符合要求，故选C。

27. B prepare for是固定短语，意为“为……做准备”。

28. B in all“一共”;since then“从那时开始”;when“当……时候”;since“自……以来”。由前句句意“三年前他遇到了一位好老师”可知，后句意为“从那时开始他就戒除了坏习惯”。since then符合要求，故选B。

29. A the symbol of是固定短语，意为“……的象征”。

30. B 此处是动词不定式短语作目的状语。

31. B instead“相反地”，用作副词，常用于句末;instead of“而不是……”，是介词短语，后跟名词、代词或动名词等;though“虽然;即使”，引导让步状语从句;but“但是”，用作连词，表示转折。句意为“这个父亲给他儿子挣钱的方法而不是钱本身”，故instead of符合要求。

32. C 此处可理解为过去分词表示被动。故选C。

33. C 由句中than可知应用比较级的形式，故C项正确。

34. B It is+形容词+for sb. to do sth.是固定句型。故选B项。

35. D instead of是介词短语，其后跟动名词形式，故选D。

36. A 由“大多数人想要幸福，但是没有几个人知道怎样找到幸福”可知，空格处应填but，表示语气的转折，故选A。

37. C 由下文“幸福要依靠我们自己”可知“仅有金钱与成功并不能带来长久的幸福”。

38. B our own是双重所有格结构。换句话说，我们创造自己的幸福。

39. B few表示否定;(a)little修饰不可数名词;故选a few，表示“几个，一些”，修饰后面的ways。

40. A 由下一段开头的“The second secret...”可知此处应选A。

41. A spend... doing sth.意为“花费……做某事”，故选A。

42. B 由前文“我们经常花费太多的时间考虑将来……”可知我们没有享受现在，故选B。

43. C 读书应用read。

44. A active意为“积极的”;quiet意为“安静的”;strict意为“严格的”;cold意为“寒冷的”。由下文的“dancing，or playing a sport”可知此处应用active。B、C、D三项不符合题意。

45. C 由“你可以忘记你的问题”及选项可知此处应填only “仅仅，只是”。

46. C others “其他人”，相当于other people，其后不需要加名词。

47. B 由下文的“volunteer their time”可知此处应填when。

48. A 由前文的帮助他人可知此处应是做“好事”。

49. C help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人(做)某事”。

50. B old以元音音素开头，所以冠词应用an，故选B。

51. D 由第一段第一句“Babies sleep about eighteen hours a day.”可知答案为D。

52. C 由短文的第二段可知“只工作不睡觉对健康有害”，故选C。

53. B 文章第四段最后一句“Good health needs good sleep.”和 “But not too much of it.”连在一起，便可知it指sleep。故选B。

54. A 由文章第五段的“Professor Horne studied a group of people who could spend as many hours as they wanted in bed，after ten hours they didn’t find it any easier to get up in the morning.”可知答案为A。

55. C 本文从头至尾谈论一个主题“sleep”。故选C。

56. A 由第一段的第二句“Popular music in America is what every student likes.”可知选A。

57. C 由第一段的“Adult drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports, the weather, politics, and activities of the American people.”可知选C。

58. A 由第二段的内容可知：歌星成为明星的原因之一就是他们的激光唱片或磁带被用于(美国的)每一个州的广播台。

59. B 由第三段的“Another is called western or country music. This was started by cowboys who would sing at night to the cows they were watching.”可知选B。

60. B 本文主要介绍了美国的音乐种类，故选B项最合适。

61. A 由第二段的“Now they still enjoy taking part in many kinds of holiday camps without their parents.”可知。

62. D 由第二段第一句Now they still enjoy taking part in many kinds of holiday camps without their parents.可知他们的父母并不跟随他们，故选D项。

63. C 由第二段最后一句The most important for the children is to learn to look after themselves.可知，在香港学生们参加假日野营活动最重要的事情是学习自理能力，故选C项。

64. D 由第三段第一句Holiday camps in Hong Kong are not so expensive.知此活动并不昂贵，故选D项。

65. A 由最后一段第一句It is said that students in Hong Kong have much knowledge about many things.可知，经常参加此类野营活动的学生们在许多方面一定有大量的知识，故选A项。

66. T 本文主要是围绕着如何表达“不同意”展开的，共提出了五个建议。

67. Staying calm 由文章最后一点建议可知答案。

68. We should focus on what’s being said. 由第四点建议中的句子When the other person is talking, try to stop thinking about why you disagree or what you’ll say next. Instead, focus on what’s being said.可知答案。

69.We should say“I don’t agree, and here’s why.” 由第二点建议中的Instead of saying“That’s a stupid idea!”, try:“I don’t agree, and here’s why.”可知答案。

70.然后平静地表达自己的不同意。

71. messages message是可数名词，其前没有表示单数的修饰词，故填其复数形式。

72. separated 句中already是现在完成时的标志，故填separate的过去分词。

73. gentlemen 句中they are决定用gentleman的复数形式。

74. behaves “表现”的英文是behave，并列句“so he gets himself disliked”是一般现在时，且that man是第三人称单数，故填behaves。

75. bounced “弹起”的英文是bounce，由前句是一般过去时可知应填其过去式bounced。

76. He lives close to his friend

77. Let’s say something to the girl

78. Is it fun to deal with the dispute

79. Have you checked the messages

80. We were too busy with our game

81. One possible version：

Dear Sally,

I have some trouble in my life. You know I have many interests, such as singing, drawing and doing sports. They always bring me lots of fun. But my mother thinks they will have bad influence on my study, for she hopes I can always get good grades, so she doesn’t allow me to do these. I think my mother can’t understand me. So we often have arguments. I’m very unhappy and don’t know what to do.

Can you help me? I hope you can give me some advice. Please write to me soon.

sleep的过去式范文第4篇

关键词：英语时态认知语言学

在英语当中，时态（tense）是一个语法范畴，它表示具有时间区分度的动词形式。这就是说，时态和时间既有联系，又有区别。从理论上来说，时态与其所表示的时间往往是应该是一致的，例如，现在进行时，就应该表示“现在、目前所正在发生的动作或状态”，但实际情况并非都是这样，现在进行时还可以不表时态，而表人的感彩，例如：heisalwaystellinglies，该句中，bedoing结构，并不是指现在时刻他正在说谎，而是指他总是说谎，具有说谎的习惯。因此，我们认为，当一个时态与其所表示的时间刚好成一致关系时，时态就是指时间。但是，更多的情况是，某个时态所表示的时间概念并不能与该时态相对应，即时态的“时”与其所指“时间”不一致。究其原因，除了英汉语言的本质差异外（英语是一门以“形合”为主的语言，而汉语是一门以“意合”为主的语言），更多的实际原因是因为英语当中的“时态”用法的多样性和特殊性所造成的，从社会语言学的角度来看，这也是英语时态发展的必然结果。而同时，英语时态的“时”与其所指“时间”的不一致现象研究又往往是高考的热门考点。基于此，本文归纳和研究了与该语法现象相关的语法考点，以期为学习者更好的掌握英语时态及其用法提供一个有效的参考。

1一般现在时

（1）一般现在时表示按“时间表、时刻表、日程表”等安排将要发生的动作，只限于go / arrive / leave / start / stay / return / begin / come等动词。例如：The plane takes off at 6：00.

（2）在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。If it is fine tomorrow，we will go out to enjoy ourselves.

（3）一般现在时表示“现在正在发生的动作”；但这一用法常见于戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词中。Look，I take this card from the pack...在本句中，I take相当于I am taking.

（4）一般现在时表示过去的时间，作为一种修辞手法在叙事文和新闻报道中追溯往事，以增加描述的生动性和真实感，这就是“历史性再现”。I hear poor old Mrs. Smith has lost her son.在本句中，I hear相当于I heard.

2现在进行时

（1）表示现阶段正在发生的动作。I am writing a book recently.

（2）表示说话人对主语行为的赞叹和厌恶等感彩，常与always / constantly / continually等副词连用。The child is always making trouble.（表示厌恶）

（3）与go / come / leave / start / arrive / return / work / sleep / stay / have / wear等表示移动、方向的动词连用时，表示计划和安排即将发生的动作。She is coming soon.

（4）表示刚刚过去的动作。You don’t believe it？ / You know I am telling the truth.

（5）表示委婉的语气。Iamhopingyouwillgiveussomeadvice.

（6）现在进行时在时间状语和条件状语从句中，表示将来。If you are standing at the corner，I will give you a lift.

3一般过去时

（1）表示委婉口气。A： did you want me？ B： yes，I wondered if you could give me some advice.

上述句子中也能用一般性知识，但口气不如一般过去式委婉。这一用法只限于want/hope/wonder/think等少数几个动词。

（2）用于虚拟语气中，表示与现在事实相反的主观设想。I wish you lived closer to me.

（3）表示虚构含义。He looks as if he was sick.从句中，动词用过去时表示“似乎生病了，但实际并没有”。如果改为is，则表示真的生病了。

（4）一般过去时用于条件状语从句和时间状语从句，表示过去将来。She said her mother would let her go with me when she liked me.

4过去进行时

（1）过去进行时表示过去某一阶段内“习惯的动作”。Tom was getting up at five everyday that week.

（2）表示说话人赞叹和厌恶等感彩，常与always / constantly / continually等副词连用。Jane was always thinking of her work at that time.

5一般将来时

需要说明的是，与其它时态的结构有些不同的是，一般将来时并没有一个固定的结构进行表达；相反，一般将来时的构成有多种方式和结构。除了以上所说的各种时态有时也可以表示一般将来的含义外，常见的典型的表示一般将来时的结构有：Will / shall do、be going to do、be to do、be about to do等。这些结构，都能表示“不同含义”的一般将来时。但其也有不表示一般将来时的情况。

（1）shall用于第一人称，表示意图和决心。I shall never do that again.

（2）shall用于第一人称主语表示“征求意见”。Shallwe go？

（3）shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意图。You shall get a promotion. = I will give you a promotion.

（4）在if引导的条件状语从句中，will不表将来，表示“意愿”。If you will accept me，I will be glad. = If you are willing to accept me，I will be glad.

6现在完成时

（1）现在完成时的“未完成”，表示动作从过去开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。He has lived here since 1980.这句话可以理解为，他现在还住在这儿，也可以理解为刚刚搬走。

（2）现在完成时的未完成与现在完成进行体的用法相仿，表示现在还进行的动作。We have been living here for 10 years. / We have lived here for 10 years.

sleep的过去式范文第5篇

关键词：虚拟语气 形式和用法 隐形形式

一、引言

虚拟语气表示说话者所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小，或表示愿望、请求及建议等。虚拟语气用法较繁杂，而且其形式与陈述语气有较大差异，在任何形式的考试中都具有很重要的分量，尤其在是高考、大学英语等级、托福等考试中，虚拟语气往往在语法选择、完形填空或者阅读理解题中存在。在阅读理解里，如果我们掌握了虚拟语气的句型、结构、用法、意思，对于我们理解文章的大意和作者的态度会很有帮助，这样有利于我们回答关于作者态度观点方面的问题。但大部分考生这一部分的成绩不理想，由于汉英的文化差异，许多中国英语学习者在正确理解以及运用虚拟语气时确实存有困难。

二、虚拟语气的应用

（一）虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用（subjunctive mood in unreal conditional clause）

所谓条件句是指含有条件状语从句（adverbial clause of condition）的复合句。英语中的条件句一般有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句，虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中的形式和用法有以下三种：

1. 对现在情况的假设：表示现在实际上并不存在的情况，其形式如下表：

例如：

①He wouldn’t feel so cold if he were indoors.

他要是在屋内就不会觉得冷了。

②I am sorry I am very busy just now.If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.

很对不起，我现在很忙。如果我有时间，我一定回陪你一起去看电影的。

2. 对过去情况进行的假设： 表示过去事实上并没有发生或者已经发生了事情。其形式如下表：

例如：The earthquake might have caused great damage to the people if we hadn’t got well prepared.

倘若我们没有做好准备，地震就会使人民财产遭受巨大损失。

3. 对将来情况的假设：表示将来不太可能实现的情况，其形式如下：

例如：If it were to rain (rained, should rain) tomorrow, I should stay at home.

如果明天下雨的话，我就呆在家里。

（二）虚拟语气在表示要求、建议、命令等的从句中的应用

虚拟语气还用在表示要求、建议、命令等意思的从句中，其形式是“should＋动词原形”或省去should直接用动词原形，后一种情况多用于美语当中。这类句子也称“要求从句或建议从句”。这类动词的名词或形容词形式后面都可以带类似的虚拟语气句式。

1. 用在宾语从句中。该宾语从句中虚拟语气的使用，取决于主句中的谓语动词，常见的这类动词有：suggest, order,demand, propose, command, request, insist, require等等，例如：

The teacher insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance.老师坚持要预定座位。

2. 用在主语从句中。该主语从句中虚拟语气的使用，取决于主句中作表语的形容词或分词，常见的这类形容词或分词有：important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential，required, suggested, requested等等，例如：

It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made.

有必要立即采取措施。

It was required that all the tasks should be finished at once.

他们要求任务必须马上完成。

3. 用在表示建议、命令、要求或想法、计划等名词后面的表语从句、同位语。常用的这类名词有：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement,motion等等，其后的从句中，谓语动词的形式为“(should) do”。例如：

My request is that we(should)finish the work today.

我的要求就是我们今天必须完成工作。

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.

他建议我们去旅游，我们一致同意。

（三）虚拟语气在wish从句中的应用。与表示建议、命令等的从句一样，虚拟语气在wish从句中的应用涉及的也是四种名词从句，即：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。与非真实条件句的虚拟语气形式相似，wish从句也有三种时间，所不同的是在非真实条件句中指的是过去、现在、将来的绝对时间，而wish从句涉及的只是相对于谓语动词wish 的相对时间，具体形式如下：

与现在事实相反，用were 或动词的一般过去式；与过去事实相反，用had＋过去分词或would/could＋have＋过去分词；表示与将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should/could/might＋动词原形。例如：

I wish I were you.我要是你就好了。

I wish you would go with us tomorrow.你明天和我们一起去就好了。

I wish she had taken your advice.她要是听你的话就好了。

（四）虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的从句中的应用。

在as if，as though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词形式与wish后面宾语从句中的谓语动词形式相同。例如：

He speaks as if／as though he were a foreigner.

He speaks as if／as though he had done something wrong.

但是as if /as though 引导的从句有时也用陈述语气，尤其是主句的谓语动词为感官动词，从句用陈述语气来表示较大的真实性或可能性，例如：

It looks as if it is going to snow.看起来天要下雪了。

（五）虚拟语气在一些特殊结构中的应用。

虚拟语气在would/had rather, would just as soon 等结构中的应用。此类结构通常表示“希望”或“委婉”的责备，其谓语动词形式用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”，例如：

Blackwould rather his daughter did not work in the same office.

经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。

To be frank, I’d rather you were not involved in the case.

坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。

注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形。

I would rather stay at home today.

would rather than 中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today.

2 It’s (high, about) time that 句型中，that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。

①It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.

②It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.

3. as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

4. if it were not for…表示与现在事实相反，if it had not been for表达与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.

（六）含蓄虚拟条件句

这种含蓄条件没有明显表现出来，而是通过各种手段和方式在上下文中表现出来。该隐含条件可能为真实条件，也可以为非真实条件。尽管隐含的条件概念没有含条件状语从句的复合句那样明显，但也能较为充分地表达出“条件”的含义。因此，了解英语中的含蓄条件句将有助于我们对于英语的理解与翻译。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：

1. 介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。例如：

But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你的合作，我们的实验就不可能获得成功。

2. 连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。

She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=If she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引导的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但有时可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：

The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.

这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

3. 通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。

I thought the children _____when we returned home, but they were still awake.

A. were sleepingB. would be sleeping

C. had been sleeping D. would sleep

选择 B。

4. 形容词及其比较级

A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.

如果再小心点就不会犯这么多错误了。

5. 分词短语

Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.

6. 动词不定式短语

一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。例如：

I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.

7. 名词短语和名词+and结构

A diligent student would have worked harder.

8. 独立主格结构

All things considered, the price would be reasonable.

9. 定语从句

A nation,which stopped working,would be dead in a fortnight.

10. 情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气

I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

（七）其它情况

虚拟语气在公式化的句子中的应用。在一些公式化的句子中的虚拟语气由动词原形(不与主语保持人称、时态和数的一致)或“may＋动词原形”(经常倒装)构成的谓语来体现，表示愿望。例如：

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

中华人民共和国万岁!

May you succeed!祝你成功!

Heaven forbid!天理不容!

三、结束语

虚拟语气既是一种重要的语法问题，又是一种较难的语法问题，也是一种容易被学生忽视的语法问题。一直是英语界争论的焦点。有学者认为，在日常运用中，英语虚拟语气已呈现衰退趋势。但在许多历史悠久的考试，如高考、托福及大学英语级别考试中，虚拟语气却是必考项目。全面、深刻地理解虚拟语气，学习虚拟语气，练习虚拟语气，从而提高驾驭语言的能力，虚拟语气学习的方法是多种多样的，而虚拟语气测试也是由此重点展开的，也就是说，在学习虚拟语气的过程中，要保持积极思维，主动探求的状态，用科学有效的方法来学习虚拟语气，特别是要善于从虚拟语气测试的实战中来学习虚拟语气，就能打好虚拟语气学习的基础，就能够正确把握住虚拟语气测试的特点，理清做题的思路，在英语考试中取得好成绩。

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