等等英文

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等等英文范文第1篇

下午，我正在做作业。

突然，从那边传来一阵叮叮铛铛的锣鼓声，越来越响。接着，震耳欲聋的鞭炮声接二连三地响起来，我往窗外一看，原来锣鼓声在我们后面那户人家停住了，可想而知，是迎龙灯了。

我发现迎龙灯的人，衣服穿得非常整齐。男的穿黄衣服，中间绑块布，女的穿红衣服，衣上带花真漂亮。女的在前，男的在后，真有顺序。

那大龙头看得清晰可见，龙眼睛直盯一个方向，威风又神气，一动不动。虽然是假的，但是画得栩栩如生。

再到旁边看一看，一条长长的队伍停在眼前。每一节都有一个人抬，每节都立着不同的东西，但是，每节都是两个古代名人，中间一盆花，这各形式。

等等英文范文第2篇

关键词：荧光灯；灯丝电流预热型；灯丝电压预热型

1常用照明方法与特点

常用的电光源主要有热致发光光源，气体放电发光光源，固体发光光源等三类。

热致发光光源如白炽灯，它利用斯涅藩－波尔兹曼定律，即物体温度越高，它幅射出的能量越大。这可用式（1）表示。

E=μ×ξ×T4（1）

式中：E为物体在温度T时单位面积和单位时间内的红外幅射总能量；

图1

μ为斯涅藩－波尔兹曼常数（μ=5.6697×10－12W/cm2·K4），ξ为比幅射率，即物体表面幅射本领与黑体幅射本领之比值；

T为物体的绝对温度。

利用热致发光原理制成的电光源制作简单，成本低，但是发光效率低，只有11％左右，而其余的能量则以热的形式消耗掉（红外、热能消耗分别占69％及20％）。

图2

固体发光光源，如发光二极管、等离子体发光器件等，尽管它们的发光效率高，但目前还不能做到大功率（如上百瓦），所以，固体发光器件要进入大规模实用阶段还有一段距离。

气体放电发光器件，如荧光灯（Florescent）、金卤灯（Hilide）、高强度放电灯（HID）等，它们的发光效率为普通白炽灯的几倍。由于气体放电灯的功率可以做得较大（上千瓦），发光效率又高，是一种绿色照明光源。其中，荧光灯是一种充有氩气的低气压汞气体放电灯，发光效率和寿命都比白炽灯高。荧光灯发光效率约23％，红外、热能占总耗能的36％及41％。荧光灯发光均匀、亮度适中、光色柔和，是理想的室内照明灯，在照明中得到了广泛的应用。荧光灯是通过引燃灯管内稀薄汞蒸汽进行弧光放电，汞离子受激产生紫外线，激发灯管内壁涂层荧光粉发出可见光。但是由于荧光灯工作的负阻特性，在使用时须配用镇流器件。

2有关荧光灯的灯丝预热

国际电工委员会标准IEC929和我国的专业标准ZBK74012－90，都有关于电子镇流器在“正常情况下使用时，应使灯启动，但不对灯性能造成损害”；“施加阴极预热电压的最短时间应不少于0.4s”和“开路电压的波峰系数不得超过1.8；在最低预热期间，不得产生即使是极窄的、不影响有效值的电压峰值”等规定。

预热启动是指在灯阴极被加热至热电子发射温度后才触发灯。通常采用控制阴极电流进行预热或控制阴极电压进行预热的方式。无论采用哪种方式启动，都应满足下列要求：

1）在灯阴极达到电子发射状态之前，灯两端之间或灯与启动辅助装置之间的开路电压应保持在低于导致阴极受损害的辉光放电的水平；

2）在阴极达到发射状态之后，开路电压应足够高，可使灯迅速启动而无须重复多次才能启动；

3）在阴极已处于发射状态，若开路电压须升高后才能使灯启动，则开路电压从低到高的转变过程中，必须在阴极仍处于热电子发射温度期间完成；

4）在阴极预热阶段，预热电流或预热电压不得过大或过高而使阴极上发射物质因过热而受到损害。

灯阴极预热启动可分为以下两种情况。

2.1采用控制灯阴极电流进行的灯丝预热

2.1.1有效预热电流和发射时间（te）

为使某一类型阴极达到最低发射温度所需的热量，可用时间、电流和由该类阴极的物理特性所决定的一个常数来表示。这种关系可由式（2）表示。

式中：te为达到发射状态的时间，≥0.4s（1）；

a为特定类型阴极的常数；

ik为获得te所需的最小灯丝有效预热电流（A）；

im为达到发射状态所需的灯丝最小电流绝对值（A）（2）；

注：（1）达到发射状态的预热时间<0.4s通常是不可取的，实践证明在此时间内不总是可以使阴极灯丝达到充分预热。

（2）此值是假定从冷态开始施加灯丝预热电流的时间足够长（如≥30s）的情况。

2.1.2有效预热电流的最大值

可以在短时间（t≤0.4s）内施加较大的灯丝有效预热电流而又不损坏阴极，但超过0.4s后，随着时间的延长，此电流值应逐步减小，直至达到2s或更长时间，此值不得明显地超过50Hz时用辉光启动器启动的数值。

上述要求的图解如图1和图2所示。

2.1.3开路电压和转换时间ts在灯的启动过程中，当开路电压在te时被提高，而阴极预热过程在te时结束（预热电流中断）的情况下，开路电压的转换时间ts应≤100ms（如图2所示）。

在开路电压的转换时间内阴极始终保持发射状态的情况下，转换时间ts可以>100ms。

由于灯阴极在预热时间达到te时被加热到发射状态，因此，在灯启动过渡阶段有效预热电流不得降低到绝对最小值（im）以下，以确保灯阴极处于发射状态。

有一些类型的灯规定，在达到te之前的开路电压最大值高于或等于达到te之后的开路电压的最小值，因此，为这类灯设计的镇流器无须为了使灯可靠启动而提高开路电压。

2.2采用控制灯阴极电压进行预热的镇流器

2.2.1方均根电压和施加电压的时间

当阴极电压超过3.0V（低电阻阴极）或6.0V（高电阻阴极），且电压施加的时间≥0.4s时，即可达到阴极发射温度。

为了防止阴极温度过高，应规定施加电压的最大值。当施加电压大于10V时，所有阴极两端都会出现横向弧光放电。

2.2.2开路电压

在达到阴极热电子发射之前，如灯的开路电压低于可进行冷启动的值，则允许同时施加阴极预热电压和灯电压。虽然电子镇流器可以提供多种电压控制方式，但均应遵守在达到热启动之前将灯电压保持在灯冷启动水平以下的原则。

灯丝最大有效预热电流在预热过程中的任何时刻，不得超过规定的最大值，预热时间≥0.4s。

2.2.3对镇流器的要求

镇流器应向灯提供所需阴极预热电压、阴极工作电压和灯启动电压。

镇流器应按规定值向灯提供启动电压。启动电压可与阴极预热电压同时施加，也可在0.4s间隔后上升至该项值。但在0.4s之前施加的任何电压必须低于可导致灯启动的电压水平。

一个性能良好的电子镇流器的预热、点火和荧光灯工作与电子镇流器工作频率变化之间的变化规律如图3所示。电子镇流器的预热、点火和荧光灯工作与工作频率变化关系曲线图如图4所示。

3几种常用荧光灯的灯丝预热方法与特点

3.1单灯灯丝电流预热型

单灯灯丝电流预热型电路结构如图5所示。在这种灯丝预热电路中，利用在电路预热期间通过灯丝与启动电容之间的电流实现灯丝预热。具有电路简单，易于实现的特点，实际应用得较多。

3．2单灯灯丝电压预热型

单灯灯丝电压预热型电路结构如图6所示。在这种灯丝预热电路中，利用和镇流电感（L）绕在一起的两个灯丝绕组上的电压实现灯丝预热。特点是在灯的整个工作过程中，灯丝都有电压施加于灯丝两端。

3．3双灯串联灯丝电压预热型

双灯串联灯丝电压预热型电路结构如图7所示。在这种灯丝预热电路中，利用和镇流电感绕在一起的三个灯丝绕组（L）上的电压实现灯丝预热。特点是在灯的整个工作过程中，灯丝都有电压施加于灯丝两端，并且通过中间的灯丝绕组（L）的电流应为上、下两个灯丝绕组（L）的灯丝电流两倍。

3．4双灯串联灯丝电流预热型

双灯串联灯丝电流预热型电路结构如图8所示。在这种灯丝预热电路中，利用和镇流电容串在一起的一个灯丝变压器（T2）上的次级电压实现灯丝预热。

3．5双灯并联灯丝电流预热型

双灯并联灯丝电流预热型电路如图9所示。电路工作原理与单灯灯丝电流预热电路相同。

3．6双灯并联平衡变压器灯丝预热型

双灯并联平衡变压器灯丝预热型电路结构如图10所示。电路中利用一个平衡变压器（T）来实现灯丝的预热。电路工作原理与单灯灯丝电压预热型电路相同。电路特点是由于电路中的平衡变压器可使两只灯的工作电流一致。

3．7双灯并联灯丝电压预热型

双灯并联灯丝电压预热型电路如图11所示。电路工作原理同单灯灯丝电压预热电路。

等等英文范文第3篇

匆匆写好给弟的信，匆匆穿上了鞋，准备去不近但也不算远的邮局寄信。匆匆地手扶上了门要推，因为天不早了，早已呈暗灰状。要再快点，再快点啊，我心里这么想着，脚就迈了出去。突然，身后传来妈妈的声音：等等，我和你一起去吧，天要黑了，路又远。我心里不由得漫上许许的不服和不满：没事，我自己去可以的，我又不是小孩子了！听我这么说，妈妈也好似同意了，只说了声：好，路上小心啊！

我心中无比快乐，因为我说服妈妈了，我，好久都没一个人去寄信了。

开始，我走得很快，心里也担心天黑了怎么回来，于是渐渐加快了步伐，但又不得不慢下来——鞋带开了。我半蹲着，余光看到身后不远处有团黑乎乎的影子。我匆忙地抬头一看，哦，月亮出来了，是月光吧？是月光照射路灯的影子吧？于是我又急急地往前赶路。

终于，把信送过去了，我又急匆匆地往回走。天越来越黑，还好路灯都亮了，使我能看清回去的路。可走着走着，总觉得很怕，回头看，见路灯下还有一团黑黑的影子，我很好奇，于是绕了个弯，来到路灯后面，看到的是一个人的背影。只见他把头探了探，悄悄地走在我刚刚走的路上。顿时，他整个人也在路灯下显现出来了；顿时，我的眼睛也模糊了——是妈妈。

走在妈妈后面沉思的我，早已像洗过脸一般。我知道，妈妈是担心怕黑的我；我也知道，那一次次的路灯下，不是别人，是妈妈。

等等英文范文第4篇

2、知道我在这里等你多久了吗？

Know how long I've waited for you here?

3、我在这里等你演练些战术。

等等英文范文第5篇

瓦尔登湖读后感英文版【1】

read through some of the more than half of the "walden pond", to be honest look at a lot of paragraphs do not really understand, but say it is fun sections of animals that people read fresh.

the first animal is the rooster attention, and that the most common birds, however the author's pen in the air all of a sudden and very poor. thoreau is the author described them this way: the rooster, pheasant was originally, and their chirping is the world's most beautiful music, better than all the other animals, but most of the time to fill the gaps in their voice is their wife - the mother chickens are noisy, it's no wonder that they ultimately can only be the poultry, not to mention what kind of a chicken egg. these words can not help people desperately want to remember the music chenming rooster, the result was a loss, except in writing from the mechanical "oo" sound. as for the hen, they can only remember them after the end of each time it is under the "giggle" to stop the called.

walden pond, how can there are so many wild animal? every day it seems that the author and not the name they say hello. are familiar with ant, but where the ants are like the soldiers how to ah, make that an ant war was afraid to read the small bio of contempt. lovely fledgling partridge destitute people, they only obey the instinct of mothers and their own oh, the fullness of their long feathers of the body of small branches and leaves together to maintain the same posture, where to stay motionless, it picked up when a stranger or follow it, it continues to stay as motionless, or take your eyes clean. scary, of course, most diving birds, and it always sent laugh, when it is from this lake first dive, the observer much hunting or after a lot of fun. what it is, you can go to the bottom of the lake to fish in the bird.

after all the human animal is, ah, just high-level animals. the author predicted that the result of human progress must be to give up meat, as the savage to the civilized around after people give up bad habits, like eating. i do not know human beings are not one day give up meat, it is very curious about the rabbit call. in the book, the author said: rabbit to the end, the truth was a child cry. on rabbits, the most profound impression that the tree hit a hare, but there is no written record of our had been a poor hunt rabbits.

瓦尔登湖读后感英文版【2】

Walden is a masterpiece written by Henry David Thoreau （1817-1862）， who was born in Concord, Massachusetts. The age he lived had witnessed the flourish of capitalism as well as the prosperity of industrialization and urbanization. During the 19th century, the American economy developed at so fast rate that most people were bound up in pursuing the material satisfaction , while ingored the spiritual life to a great extent. But Thoreau was quite different from other people, he disdained the modern civilization and attached more importance to the spirit than the material. He thought many people of his time lived in a non-human-like modern society and many modern appliances, such as trains and telegraphs, had done harm to people's harmonious life peace and also broken the relationship between human and nature.

In order to prove that without the modern instruments , people can also live a happy life, in 1845, he moved into a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond and live there alone for two years to get close to the nature .Walden, is the famous book mainly talks about his life and thoughts during those days living in the woods .

Thoreau was so happy with the life living near the lake of Walden that he felt it a sweet grace to have the nature' accompany and even the sounds of rain and the sights around his house were full of sincere friendship. In his eyes, the nature was an intimate friend of him and all things in the nature were lively and vivacious. And all kinds of animals in the wood, such as field mouses, robins and wild rabbits were amicably treated and regarded as his adorable companions. He even thought that plants were also had the right to live equal with human beings. Just because of this, he even blamed himself for hitting chestnut trees with stones. From many words or sentences, we can easily feel Thoreau's deep love and care towards nature.

Besides, Thoreau was a pioneering nature lover, who called on people to stop destorying nature but protect it by setting himself an example to others. The consciousness of the environmental protection is becoming more and more important in our modern society, while the whole world is trapped in some serious ecological crisises resulting from hunting and killing animals, cutting down trees and polluting the rivers for pursuit of human beings' own interests. We all have the common sense that the number of wildlife is decreasing, the area of lake is shrinking, and the water is not clear any more. What's worse, environment problems such as globe warming, climate change and air and water pollution are deteriorating during the commercial process . So it's high time that we should realize we never be the dominator of the whole world conquring nature, but should spare no efforts to improve the environment right away. That is, we should comply with the natural laws, make reasonable utilization of natural resources and keep the harmonious development between the society and the environment. Only in this way will we has an opportunity to embrace a bright future and achieve a sustainable society .

In the book, Walden, Thoreau not only advocated the protection of nature, but also encourage people to comprehend and return to nature. He told us using his own experience that by living a simple life close to nature, we human beings will find out the true value of life and significance of existence.

After reading the book, what impressed me most is the description of the fascinating scenery around the Walden pound, especially these sentences: "A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. The fluviatile trees next the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it, and the wooded hills and cliffs around are its overhanging brows". To Thoreau, the Walden lake is like a charming and melting girl , who has slender eyelashes and likes to dress herself in different beautiful clothes with the changes of different seasons.

Every morning after getting up, Thoreau would have a bath in the Walden lake to start a new day. After that, he used to wander around the pond and refresh himself with the fresh air. In summer days , he cultivated a piece of land and growed beans, blackberries, johnsworts and the like. The depiction of his leisure rurality spontaneously reminds me of Tao Yuanming, the famous Chinese poet, who lived in the Jin Dynasty and made his life meaningful by returning to the nature and perfecting himself. If Thoreau and Tao Yuanming lived in the same period and place, they would probably become best friends.

From the book, we know that during the years when Thoreau lived near the Walden, he did not completely isolate himself from the outside world. Sometimes he went to the town and did odd jobs and would receive visitors and friends in his cabin at times. As I mention before, the intention for his living in the woods was that he wanted to teach people how to live a simple life, achieve enjoyment from the nature, free oneself from the strained daily life and what is more important is to reevaluate the value of social life.

Thoreau's though of enjoying a simple life has a more realistic significance and have become a valuable spiritual wealth in our modern society. With the development of the material civilization, people's desires are swelling limitlessly and many people are busy with the pursuit of wealth and luxurious life by any means, including at the expense of nature. However, even in the society materially affluent and technologically advanced , people are not be more happier than those people who lived centuries ago, but even feel less satisfactory and complaint more about their present life as a result of having unbounded desires of getting more and better. Therefore, many people who possess a lat have become slaves of machine, working more but do not have the ability to enjoy what they have.