成语翻译
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成语翻译范文第1篇
成语是人们在使用语言过程中，经过很长时间的使用，已形成固定形式的，表达某一种意义的固定词组。它具有：一、结构形式定型化，二、语音形式整齐化，三、意义整体化等特点。因蒙汉民族历史文化发展不同的原因，两个民族的成语都有它独特的民族文化特点。在互译两个语言成语过程中，我们应该注重两个民族的成语独有的历史文化内涵及成语形成演变的过程。本论文从比较两个民族成语翻译着手，分析两个民族成语不同的民族文化内涵及在翻译两个民族成语实践中呈现的翻译方法，提出成语翻译中应注意的几点意见。
一、蒙汉语成语的比较
（一）民族文化差异：一定程度上讲，一个民族的文化浓缩体现在它的成语上面。而两个民族历史文化差异通常是通过语言、词汇来反映。我们在成语翻译过程中要准确了解成语本身所指的意义外，还需要了解有关于该成语的历史文化因素，甚至深厚的民族文化渊源。从蒙古族的历史社会发展看，蒙古族是个北方游牧民族，千百年的蒙古族游牧文化精致地体现在它的丰富的词汇当中。蒙古人热爱马，马是不仅是他们生活所需的工具，更是他们贴心的朋友、忠诚的战友。为此在蒙古语中就出现了许多有关于马的成语。如《[xun plx pakasan xolok plx naknasan]》、《[：l mri pnǎ]》、《[r xunai int》（意思是在男人的胸怀中能容纳战马），因为在蒙古族传统游牧文化中马与蒙古人有着不可分离的关系，尤其认为马与蒙古男人是有着亲密朋友和忠诚战友的关系，为此在形容男人心胸博大的成语时候就出现了这种比喻。而在汉语中这个意思用“宰相肚里能撑船”成语来表达，宰相是汉民族在几千年封建王国制度中具有智慧过人的特殊身份的象征，为此才有了此成语。在蒙汉语中这样的成语还有很多，他们指的是同一个意思，但因为两个民族文化的差距，所表现出来的形式都具有该民族独特的文化内涵的特点。
二、成语翻译方法
早在元代以前开始，蒙汉民族就有了政治、经济、文化交流，也就有了两个民族语言文字翻译实践活动，很早就有了翻译的相关标准和理论。我国著名翻译家和教育家严复在他的《天演论》中提出了《信、达、雅》的翻译三原则。20世纪以来，随着蒙汉民族的政治、经济、文化交流的日益扩大，翻译实践活动也越来越活跃，已成了两个民族文化交流中的主要措施之一。就从两个民族成语翻译实践活动来看，译者在翻译过程中主要采取以下几个的翻译方法。
（一）直译方法：直译方法指的是，在翻译过程严格坚持原语的表达形式，将原语的词汇直接翻译到译语中。准确、直接的直译方法的翻译是翻译活动中最常见的一种翻译方法，在蒙汉语成语翻译实践中这种直译的翻译方法使用的较为普遍。如把汉语成语“画蛇添足”在蒙语中直接翻译成《[mk：t xol nm
除此之外，随着蒙汉语成语翻译活动的不断增多，人们在翻译活动中开始使用直译和义译相结合的翻译方法。直译与义译相结合的方法在翻译过程中不再仅限于一种翻译方法，从而使成语翻译活动有了更广阔的空间。
三、小结
在蒙汉语成语翻译过程中，我们应该要注重成语所体现的两个民族文化差异，要从成语使用的实际语言环境出发，选好翻译方法，准确、无误地翻译原语成语所表达的意义。同时也要注重成语本身在社会历史发展中的演变过程及此过程中的意义转移等问题。（作者单位：西北民族大学蒙古语言文化学院）
参考文献：
[1]杨才铭，蒙汉翻译基础，内蒙古大学出版社，1991年；
[2]安徽大学中文系现代汉语教研室，现代汉语（上册），安徽省科技印刷厂，1983年；
[3]报尔金・甘珠扎布，译事纵横，内蒙古大学出版社，1999年；
成语翻译范文第2篇
因此，在汉语成语英译的具体操作过程中，首先要充分理解汉语成语的内在含义，灵活运用不同的翻译方法，对比英汉语言中习语（成语）的异同，进行适当的结构调整，将汉语成语所承载的文化特色和文化信息最大限度地传译给外国读者。帮助外国读者消除或减少语言及文化障碍就要求译者尽最大努力把汉语成语翻译成外国读者乐于接受的形式。与此同时要在英语中再现汉语文化，这是一个很大的挑战。
把汉语成语翻译成英语，译者们掌握和熟悉两种语言以及其文化是非常重要的。他们必须从风俗和文化背景的角度，通过对汉语和英语语言学和文化差异的理解，尽量去把握成语的内在含义，从而使其观点与原文的精神相一致。本文简单介绍了汉语成语英译的几种方法。
【关键词】 汉语成语，英语习语，翻译，文化内涵，源语，目标语
[Abstract] Chinese idioms bear five thousand years of Chinese cultural characteristic and the cultural messages. Translation is not only one kind of simple correspondence switching process between two languages， but is one kind of cultural exchange and transmission.
Therefore， translating Chinese idioms into English is a concrete operating process. First， the translators must fully understand the intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idioms; second， they should utilize several different translation methods nimbly and contrasts the similarities and differences between the English idioms and Chinese idioms; third， they should carry on the suitable structure adjustment and translate Chinese idioms which bear cultural characteristic and cultural information in maximum limit for the foreign readers. Helping the foreign readers eliminate and reduce language and cultural barrier requests the translator to work diligently to translate the form of Chinese idiom in the way that the foreign readers are glad to accept. At the same time， this is a very big challenge to reappear Chinese culture in English.
To understand and translate Chinese idioms into English，it is very important for the translators to master and well acquaint themselves with the original language and the target language and their cultures. They should set out from the aspects of customs and cultural backgrounds and try to grasp the connotation of the original idiom by understanding linguistic and cultural differences between English and Chinese so as to make his version alike the original text in spirit. This article introduced several methods on translation of Chinese idioms concisely.
[Key Words] Chinese idioms；English idioms；translation；culture connotation；original language；target language
1. Introduction
About translation， the translation theoreticians have proposed many different viewpoints. In China， the most popular theory is Mr.Yanfu’s “faithfulness， expressiveness and elegance(信，达，雅)”while in the western countries， the most popular one is “equivalent value， equivalent effect and function equivalence(等值，等效，功能对等) ”.These viewpoints are mutually influenced and supplemented. Although the translators have different emphasis points， they all advocate that the translation must express the connotation of the original text faithfully and the style of the original work should reappear in translation. “所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义，形象意义，隐含意义三个方面。”[1] p65(So-called “expressing the indication of the original text faithfully”， is to express the wording meaning， the image meaning and the implied meaning of the original text faithfully.) But not all expressions， words， even characters in the original text simultaneously have these three kinds of meanings. Maybe some of them only have the wording meaning， but without the image meaning; some may have the wording meaning and the image meaning， but lack of the implied meaning. Any two languages are impossible to be all coordinated completely. Therefore， it is impossible to completely reproduce the three kinds of meanings of the original text. First， because the cultural differences produce the contradiction in the translation process， the wording meaning or the image meaning must obey the implied meaning. Second， the image meaning of the original text cannot be found in the target language. Sometimes the images are the same but the implied meanings are actually different. In this situation， what the translators need to consider first is the accurate expression of the implied meaning. The images of the original text should be changed into other images that the foreign readers are familiar with.
2. Several methods of Chinese idiom translation
The existence of cultural differences brings certain difficulties to the cultural exchange. It is also the biggest barrier in the translation. When the translators translate one language to another， besides understanding the writing of these two languages thoroughly， the translators also have to understand the cultural differences between these two languages profoundly.
In Chinese “Idioms” means that “成语：人们长期以来习用的，简洁精辟的定型词组或短句。汉语的成语大多由四个字组成，一般都有出处。有些成语从字面上不难理解，如‘小题大做’，‘后来居上’等。有些成语必须知道来源或典故才能懂得意思，如‘朝三暮四’，‘杯弓蛇影’等。”[2] P 130(Since long ago the people have used habitually， concise and succinct words or short phrases. Most Chinese idioms are composed by four characters， generally all of which have the source. The meanings of Some idioms are available from the word writing， such as: ‘小题大做’and ‘后来居上’; The meaning of some idioms should be got from its source or allusion. Such as ‘朝三暮四’ and ‘杯弓蛇影’.) On Chinese idiom translation， culture has a great influence on the translators' logical thinking and the glossary choice of the language.
The semantics of idiom has the integrity. Usually we cannot get its significance from a single character. If many Chinese idioms were translated into English directly according to the wording meaning， although the foreign readers can understand the meaning of each character， they still have difficulties in understanding the overall significance of this idiom.
2.1 Metaphrase
Metaphrase is a method that the image and the forms of the original text are preserved， which can be translated literally. The readers also can catch the implied meaning by the wording translation. Some Chinese idioms have similar images， which the foreign readers can associate to the equivalent English idioms.
2.1.1 Literal Translation
In idiom translation， there is a tendency to find English equivalent idioms， equivalent in referential meaning rather than in the images. The reason is that the target text must be idiomatically English. Therefore， literal translation of Chinese idioms is often considered non-idiomatic. As long as the translation conveys a vivid image and the referential meaning is not distorted， literal translation can introduce Chinese culture to the world. Literal translation is a way by which the rhetoric， national and regional characteristics are kept in the target language. In this way the meaning and the form of the source language are unchanged.
Some Chinese idioms can be translated literally with the same vivid figurative result of the original ones， which can make the foreign readers associate to the equivalent English idioms.
For example:
⑴对牛弹琴 —— To play the lute to a cow. The readers can associate it to the equivalent English idiom “to cast pearls before swine”.
⑵竭泽而渔 —— To drain a pond to catch all the fish (the equivalent idiom: To kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.)
⑶易如反掌 —— To be as easy as turning over one’s hand (the equivalent one: As easy as falling off a log.)
⑷口蜜腹剑 —— To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted(the equivalent one: A Judas kiss)
Though there are not equivalent English idioms， some Chinese idioms with the literal meanings can also be translated literally with the accurate images. Such as:
⑸井底之蛙 —— To be like a frog at the bottom of a well
⑹史无前例 —— To be without precedent in history
⑺七嘴八舌 —— With seven mouths and eight tongues
2.1.2 Replacement
Regarding Chinese idioms translation， what many translation books discussed mainly was the replacement technique. Sometimes， equivalent translations can be found， but mostly only similar ones. Usually the replacement technique is necessary in the following situations.
(ⅰ) Chinese idioms have same meanings and culture messages as those in the target language.
There are many Chinese and English idioms， which have the same images as well as the expression forms.
⑴In Chinese， “浑水摸鱼” means “[释义]浑水：浑浊的水。指在浑浊的水中摸鱼。[用法]比喻趁混乱的时机捞取不正当的利益，也作‘混水摸鱼’。”[3]P259 But the English idiom “to fish in troubled water” means “take advantage of troubled or uncertain condition for personal profit”. These two idioms are similar in both expression form and intrinsic meaning.
The similar idioms are as follows:
⑵赴汤蹈火 —— Go through fire and water
⑶随波逐流 —— To go with the tide
⑷知识就是力量 —— Knowledge is power.
⑸眼不见，心不烦 —— Out of sight， out of mind.
⑹谋事在人，成事在天 —— Man proposes， god disposes
⑺空中楼阁 —— Castles in the air
⑻充耳不闻 —— Turn a deaf ear to
(ⅱ) Chinese idioms share similar meanings but different culture messages and images with the target language.
The Chinese idioms， which have same or similar vivid analogy with the English idioms， should be exchanged into the same or corresponding English idioms directly. Different languages have different images.
⑴For example: if translators translate the Chinese idiom “胸有成竹” directly into “have a bamboo in one’ s stomach” according to the wording meaning. The foreign readers not only have difficulties in getting the meaning that this idiom contained， but also have the wrong association easily. Therefore， the translators must discard the images in this idiom and change them into the images that the foreign readers are familiar with. So it may be translated as “have a card in one’s sleeve”
⑵The Chinese say “噤若寒蝉”(as mute as a winter cicada)”， yet the native English say ， “as mute as a fish”. Fish and cicada have similar function in the above examples though they are not similar at all. As far as “silence” is concerned， fish is a familiar image to English speakers， yet the Chinese tend to associate the sense with winter cicada.
⑶The Chinese idiom “瓮中之鳖（the turtle in the jar）”means “[释义]瓮：大坛子；鳖：甲鱼。大坛子中的甲鱼。[用法]形容已在掌握之中，逃脱不了。”[4]P651 .But the English idiom “likes a rat in a hole”， whose image is a mouse， which is stranded in a hole. It is in an extremely difficult situation. These two scenes agree without prior consultation but happen to hold the same view. Though the translators replaced the image， the foreign readers have no difficulty to understand its meaning.
The similar Chinese idioms included:
⑷胆小如鼠 —— As timid as a rabbit
⑸挥金如土 —— Spend money like water
⑹东张西望 —— Look right and left
⑺缘木求鱼 —— Seek a hare in hen’s nest
⑻抛砖引玉 —— To throw a sprat to catch a herring
So， familiar images of the target language are often used to replace those of the source language. It is very regret that the foreign readers cannot understand the exotic atmosphere of Chinese culture.
(ⅲ) Chinese idioms share similar images but different culture messages and connotation with the target language.
Some Chinese idioms and English idioms are almost the same in the expression form， but the commendatory or derogatory meaning， which the idioms contained， is different. So they cannot be mutually translated.
“习俗文化指的是贯穿于日常社会生活和交际活动中由民族的风俗习惯形成的文化。.[5]P64”（ The custom culture refers to the activities， which formed by nationality's manners and customs in the social daily life）As a result of the custom culture differences， the translators must pay attention to the animal words in the idioms whose meanings are different. For example， in China， the people often think the dog is loathing. Therefore， most dog-related idioms include the derogatory meaning.
⑴For example， “狐朋狗友（Pack of scoundrels）”， “狼心狗肺（heartless and cruel）”and so on. But in the western nation， the dog was considered as human's good friends. For example: “help a lame dog over a stile (雪中送炭)”， “love me， love my dog. (爱屋及乌)”and so on.
⑵For example: the Chinese idiom “笑掉大牙” includes the meaning “ridicules”. The English idiom “to laugh off one’s head” is only the expression of “laugh” or “laugh loudly”. It is a neutral word. These two idioms look very similar literally. But the commendatory and derogatory terms of two words are dissimilar. So they cannot be mutually translated.
⑶The Chinese idiom “说曹操，曹操到(when you mention CaoCao ，he soon arrives)” means “I was just talking about you!” it did not bring the derogatory meaning， but English idiom “talk of the devil and he will appear” has the derogatory meaning。
⑷If you translate “亡羊补牢” to English proverb “lock /close the stable door after /when the horse has been stolen”. The direct translation mistakes the meaning of “亡羊补牢" which means “still has not been late “! But this English proverb expressed the meaning “has already been late ， beyond any help”。Therefore， 亡羊补牢can correspond to the English proverb “a stitch in time save nine” or “better late than never”
⑸In the Chinese idiom“令人发指” and the English idiom “to make one’s hair stand on end”，[6]P164 the former one means “to make the person extremely angry “，the latter one refers that “ frighten or horrify someone”. So ‘令人发指’ can be translated into “make the blood boil”.
2.2 Paraphrase
Paraphrase is a method that the original contents are preserved， but the forms are changed in the target language.
When Chinese idioms are metaphrased into the target language， readers still cannot grasp the meanings due to cultural difference. “有些习惯用语带有很浓的中国文化色彩…对于这部分成语，字面翻译是无法为外国读者所接受的。如加上许多解释性的文字，就失去了成语精粹的特点。最好的办法就是绕开其文化背景，译出其真正的内涵意义。”[7]P139 (Some idioms have the Chinese culture characteristic.. Regarding this kind of idioms， the wording translation is unable for the foreign reader’s acceptance. If we add many explanations， the idiom characteristic will lose. The best method is to discard its cultural context and translate its connotation.)
Thus， paraphrase is needed to keep meanings to point and keep connotation in line with the culture in the target language， though it may fail to show the style of the original language. It is a good way to convey the connotation of Chinese idioms.
2.2.1 Negation
Mr.Ye Zinan mentions negation in 《高级汉英翻译理论与实践》. He gives the definition like this: “反面着笔法(negation)有时也称正说反译或反说正译。其基本概念是原文从一个角度下笔，译文恰恰从相反的角度下笔。” [8]P80（Sometimes negation also was called that to express positively but be translated negatively or to express positively but be translated negatively. Although the basic concept of the original text starts writing from an angle， the translation exactly starts writing from the opposite angle.）.
Sometimes the translators utilize the negation technique just to form an exquisite article.
For example:
⑴“塞翁失马，焉知非福？” is a rhetorical question， but the translation is “ Danger is next neighbor to security.” which is an affirmation declarative sentence.
⑵我很高兴看见你安然无恙。——I am glad to see you safe and sound.
In Chinese， “无恙” means “haven’t got illness”， which is expressed negatively. But its translation —— “sound”， whose meaning is “健康”， is expressed positively.
“英语中有许多含有否定或半否定语气的词语，在翻译中可充分利用，以便使译文符合英语习惯，并使句子结构多样化。”[9]P60 ( There are many denial or half denial expression words and expressions in English. If they are fully used in translation， the translation will conform to the English custom and the sentence structures are more varied.)
⑶For example: “木已成舟” in Chinese is firmly a declarative sentence. But its English translation is “things done cannot be undone” which expresses the identical meaning from the denial declarative sentence angle.
⑷“不入虎穴，焉得虎子？” is a rhetorical question， whose translation is “nothing venture， nothing have”. It is an affirmation sentence.
⑸他开车的时候心不在焉，几乎闯祸。——His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
The noun “absence” conceals the meaning of negation. It agreed with the logics of the native English readers.
Mr.Ye Zinan had added “有时采用这种方法却是译者为了行文优美的目的，不用这个反面着笔的方法译文并非不通。反面着笔的方法在实际翻译中如果用的恰到好处，常常会使译者绝处缝生，是英汉翻译中非常有用的一个技巧。”[10]P81（Sometimes the translator uses this method in order to reach a goal of forming an exquisite article. So even if they don’t use the method of negation， other translation methods still work. If the translator uses Negation properly， he will find his way out from an impasse. It is a useful skill in Chinese and English translation.）
2.2.2 Substitution
“Substitution” refers to “some Chinese idioms are abstract while the equivalent English idioms have concrete images; some Chinese idioms have concrete images but the equivalent English ones are always abstract.”
2.2.2.1 Substitute abstract concept for concrete images
The Chinese idiom is quite abstract， while the English idiom is concrete. Because its vivid image may enable the reader to realize flavor.
⑴For example: “做贼心虚” may be translated that “a bad conscience is just like a snake in one ' s heart”. We use “a snake in the heart” to transmit “心虚”—the afraid and guilty conscience of the thief.
⑵The correspond English idiom of “事与愿违”is “all your swans are geese”. When someone fined out all swans are ordinary geese and the disappointed facial expression is contrary to what he expects.
⑶“不知所措” corresponds the English idiom “all at sea”. Shall we try to imagine the situation that a person in the boundless sea. It is helpless.
⑷The idiom “入乡随俗” may be translated into “when in Rome， do as the Romans do.” Why in Rome but not other places？ But the foreign readers are very familiar with this idiom. We change “乡（village）”to “Rome” which the foreign readers are so familiar with. Certainly they can accurately understand intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idiom “入乡随俗”.
The similar idioms are as follows:
⑸青出于蓝胜于蓝 —— The pupil outdoes the master.
⑹不择手段 —— By hook and by crook
⑺不辞而别 —— To take French leave.
2.2.2.2 Substitute concrete images for abstract concept
“中国人特别喜欢用具体形象词语比喻抽象的事物，以物表感，状物言志。”[11]P30（The Chinese like using the vivid concrete words and expressions to substitute abstract things， expressing their feelings and wills by things）Some Chinese idioms use the concrete images or things to describe the abstract concepts. Therefore， in translation process， the translators should boldly discard these images and translate the connotation of them appropriately.
⑴For instance: if the translators translate “顺手牵羊” directly into “walk off with a sheep” according to the wording meaning. The foreign readers may misunderstand that the thieves in China only steal the sheep but not other things. But Chinese readers haven’t got such misunderstanding. In this idiom， “the sheep（羊）” is a concrete thing actually which refers to “others' thing perhaps the property”. It expresses an abstract concept with the concrete thing.
⑵When we translate the idiom “狗急跳墙”， we do not need to describe specifically that “how anxious the dog is (狗急)”， and “how it to jump the wall(跳墙)”. As long as we express the intrinsic meaning， the foreign readers may be clear at a glance when we translate it as “do something desperate”.
⑶Perhaps we have to have a lengthy speech when translate “明火执仗”. But the direct translation is “do evil things openly”. The foreign readers can understand its intrinsic meaning concisely.
⑷If translate “守株待兔” in a detailed way， do we have the necessity to tell the fable story which conceals this idiom in details? Even we told this story; the foreign readers also cannot realize the implication， which this idiom contains. If we translate it directly likes this: “trust to the chance and stroke of luck”. The foreign readers may understand the implication easily. The only regret thing is that it lacks the Chinese characteristic.
Because the native English readers can’t accept the figurative images of some Chinese idioms， we should translate these idioms flexibly according to their actual meanings.
⑸For example， if we translate the idiom“眉飞色舞”into “his eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing”， the native readers will not only feel confused and puzzled， they will also think it funny and ridiculous.
More similar idioms are:
⑹粗枝大叶 —— To be crude and careless. (Dead translation: with big branches and large leaves)
⑺灯红酒绿 —— Dissipated and luxurious. (Dead translation: with red lights and green wine)
⑻开门见山 —— To come straight to the point. (Dead translation: to open the door and see the mountain)
⑼大张旗鼓 —— On a large and spectacular scale. (Dead translation: to make a great array of flags and drums)
⑽风雨飘摇 —— Being unstable. (Dead translation: The wind and rain are rocking)
2.2.3 Additional remarks & Note
The readers need additional remarks and note if the meaning of the idiom is not completely understood.
2.2.3.1 Additional remarks
“Additional remarks” refers to “to increase the related information， which may help understand the intrinsic meaning of the idiom in the translation process.” It is usually concise.
For example:
⑴The translation of “事后诸葛亮” is “to be a wise man like Zhuge Liang after the event.” As we know， Zhuge Liang is a renowned character in the Chinese history. He is the symbol of wisdom. But the foreign friends may not necessarily know who he is. Therefore， the translator has to explain who Zhuge Liang is. The foreign readers are easier to understand the connotation of the idiom.
⑵你这是班门弄斧。——“You are showing off your proficiency with an axe before Luban the master carpenter.”
In order to help foreign readers understand the meaning of the idiom， translators add “showing off your proficiency “ to indicate the connotation of “班门弄斧” and also add some background knowledge of this idiom， that is to say， Lu Ban is a master carpenter. The method of translation not only makes the translation precise but also takes the meaning expression and the cultural exchange into account.
⑶Like “东施效颦” may be translated as “ Tung shih imitates Hsi shih” (Hsi shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yueh. Tung shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her way). Its concealed meaning is “imitates others to make a fool of oneself”.
⑷If we translate “八仙过海” to “ the eight fairies crossed the sea” without introducing “八仙（the eight fairies）”are characters in the Chinese myth story， the readers should be puzzled. Therefore we must add the annotation behind the translation: the eight fairies of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
2.2.3.2 Note
“Note” refers to “to add the related information and backgrounds of the idioms in details.” It is usually the footnotes.
Although the structure is simple ，the implied meaning is profound. Therefore，they cannot be solely come up the understanding and translation from a single word. Some Chinese idioms are rich in Chinese cultural backgrounds， among which contain the ancient Chinese names from mythology and history. If we translate this kind of idioms literally， the native English readers will not understand them. If we translate the idioms with more explanation， the translations will loss the idiom characteristic of being concise. In this case， we’d better translate the idiom freely with the actual meaning rather than focus on its cultural background. If we use the method of direct translation to translate this kind of idioms， it will bring difficulties to the native English reader's reading and understanding. Moreover， even if we use the method of significance translation， we still can’t vividly reappear the literary reference and the cultural connotation of the Chinese idioms.
Some foreign readers don't know the meaning of the Chinese idioms from the paraphrase. But they may be wondering the stories related to them. In this case， concise note is necessary to compensate the cultural differences and decrease cultural loss. These methods should be cautiously used in the avoidance of tediousness and the explanatory notes are usually footnotes.
Such as:
⑴“画饼充饥” —— Allaying hunger with pictures of cakes
In the three kingdoms period (220-280)， the kind of the Wei， Cao Rui， wanted to select a very capable man to work for him. He said to his ministers: “when choosing a talented person， always beware of one with a false reputation. A false reputation is just like a picture of a cake， it can’t reliever hunger.” later， this idiom came to be used to mean comforting oneself with unrealistic thoughts， without solving practical problems.
⑵“叶公好龙” —— Lord Sheh’s love of dragons
Sheh was so fond of dragons that he adorned his whole palace with drawings and carvings of them， but when a real dragon heard of his infatuation and paid him a visit， he was frightened out of his wits.
The translators have to add a footnote to this idiom， and the foreign readers can get the connotation from it.
More similar idioms are as follows:
⑶毛遂自荐 —— Mao Sui recommending himself
In the warring states period， the state of Qin besieged the capital of the state of Zhao. Duke Pingyuan of Zhao planned to ask the ruler of the state of Chu personally for assistance. He wanted to select a capable man to go with him. A man called Mao Sui volunteered. When the negotiations between the two states were stalled because the ruler of Chu hesitates to send troops， Mao Sui approached him， brandishing a sword. In that situation， the ruler of Chu agrees to help Zhao， against Qin.
So the Chinese use “毛遂自荐” to mean that “to volunteer one’s service”
⑷“一鼓作气” —— Rousing the spirits with the first drum roll
During the spring and autumn period， an army from the state of Qi confronted one from the state of Lu. After the first roll of drums from the Qi side to summon Lu to battle， the Lu ruler wanted to attack. But his counselor Cao Gui said “we should wait until the third drum roll， sire.” after the Qi side had beaten the drums three times， the Lu army attacked and defeated the Qi army. After the battle， the king asked Cao Gui the reasons for his odd advice. Cao Gui answered， “fighting needs spirit. Their spirit was aroused by the first roll or the drums， but was depleted by the second. And it was completely exhausted by the third. We started to attack when their spirit was exhausted. That’s why we won.”
So， later， this idiom means， “to get something done with one sustained effort.”
2.2.4 Omission
Ms Hu Aiping has mentioned that “汉语成语有些是对偶词组，前后两对含义相同，修辞上优美匀称，尤其是在四字结构的成语中，多呈现‘同义反复’的现象。这种现象在崇尚简洁的英语中是最忌讳的。”[12]P69 (Some Chinese idioms are the matched phrases. The meanings of the two pairs of words are same. They are exquisite and symmetrical in rhetoric. Particularly the four characters structure idioms present the phenomenon of ‘tautology’. This kind of phenomenon is a taboo in English， which advocate succinctness.)
The images in Chinese idioms are vivid. Many idioms have the compound antithesis structure. Though their explanations are different， the concealed meanings are same. Regarding this kind of idiom translation， In order to avoid “tautology “， translating the meaning of image is ok.
For example:
⑴近朱者赤，近墨者黑 —— One who stays near vermilion gets stained red./When you touch red，you become red. There are some similar expressions in the English speaking countries: “one takes the behavior of one’s company.” or “one takes on the attributes of one’s associates.” or “watch the company you keep.”
⑵“无影无踪”，whose meaning is “to vanish without a trace”， the meaning of “无影”is “without an image”， “无踪”means “without a trace”. Hence， “without a trace” is enough to express the whole meaning of this idiom.
⑶忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。（罗贯中《三国演义》）—— suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.
Here， “长吁” and “短叹” have the same meaning of “sighing deeply”.
⑷“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。（鲁迅《阿Q正传》）——“ Ah Q， may you die sonless! ” Sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance.
In the translation， “die sonless” can express the meanings of both “断子” and “绝孙”.
⑸她只觉得头晕眼花，辨不出路径 —— She felt too dizzy to remember the way she had come. In Chinese， “头晕” and “眼花” have the same meaning of “dizzy”.
The similar idioms are:
⑹愁眉苦脸 —— Gloomy faces
⑺天长地久 —— Eternal like skies
⑻五光十色 —— Multicolored
⑼生龙活虎 —— Bursting with energy
⑽字斟句酌 —— Weigh every word
3.Conclusion：
Nevertheless， translation methods are not fixed. One Chinese idiom may be translated in several different ways. Proper translations are to be chosen by consideration of various contexts and readers’ acceptability.
Mr.Tan Zaixi has expressed Eugene A. Nida’s view as follows: “任何能用一种语言表达的东西都能够用另一种语言来表达；在语言之间，文化之间能通过寻找翻译对等语，以适当方式重组原文形式和寓意结构来进行交际。”[13]P20(Everything that can be expressed in one language also can be translated into another language. We can find out the equivalent one between two languages and between two cultures， and then do the communications by the way which adjust the structures in a proper way. ) The Chinese idioms are the cream of our national culture. In translating them into English， we should translate not only the denotations， but also the cultural connotations. If necessary， we should adjust the semantic structures so that we can decrease the culture loss as little as possible. In this way， we can promote and expand the exchange abroad of the Chinese culture.
Eugene. Nida thought that， “对于真正成功的翻译来说，双文化能力甚至要比双语能力更为重要。”[14]P70（Regarding the success translation that， the double cultural ability even must be more important than the bilingual ability）Therefore， translating Chinese idioms into English is a concrete operating process. First， the translators must fully understand the intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idiom; second， they should use several translation methods flexibly， contrast the similarities and differences between English and Chinese， adjust the structure suitably; last， try their best to translate Chinese idioms which bear the cultural characteristic and information to the foreign readers. Helping the foreign readers eliminate and reduce language and cultural barrier requests the translator to translate the form of Chinese idioms diligently that the foreign readers are glad to accept. At the same time it is a big challenge to reappear Chinese culture in English.
Translation is not only two languages exchanges， but also one kind of cross-cultural exchange. Its goal is to break the barrier between the two different languages.
Bibliography (Reference)：
⑴裘乐英 英汉文化差异和习语翻译 [J] 四川师范学院学报2002 P65
⑵现代汉语词典2002年增补本 [C] 商务印书馆 2002 P130
⑶马春来等 实用汉语成语词典 [C] 上海远东出版社 1995 P259
⑷同⑶ P651
⑸同⑴ P64
⑹张勇先 实用英语惯用法教程 [M] 中国人民大学出版社1998 P164
⑺冯庆华 实用翻译教程 [M] 上海外语教育出版社 2000 P139
⑻叶子南 高级英汉翻译理论与实践 [M] 清华大学出版社2001 P80
⑼吕瑞昌，喻云根等 汉英翻译教程 [M] 陕西人民出版社 1983 P60
⑽同⑻ P81
⑾陈宏薇，李亚丹 新编汉英翻译教程 [M] 上海外语教育出版社 2004 P30
⑿胡爱萍 试论汉语成语英译中的归化和异化 [J] 阜阳师范学院学报 2004 P69
成语翻译范文第3篇
关键词:文化差异;翻译;成语
Abstract:Translation is a kind of cross-cultural communication. It involves language aswell as culture. Onlywhen thetranslator has a good grasp of different cultures ofboth nations can he or she translate the idioms in a properway.
Key words:cultural differences; translation; idioms
语言是人类思维的外在形式,同时又是文化的重要组成部分,是文化的载体,文化的传播必然借助于语言。英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言体系,代表着两种不同的文化体系。英语和汉语中都有很多成语,英汉文化的差异在成语上也有反映。文化的差异对成语翻译过程中的语义理解和传达均有着一定的干扰和影响。因此,在英汉成语的翻译活动中,我们不仅要考虑语言差异,还要考虑文化差异,根据英汉文化习惯和背景的不同,采取适合于各自文化的语言表达方式来翻译成语。
1 英汉成语比较
成语是人们在长期实践和语言使用过程中提炼出来的语言精华,是民族语言中的重要组成部分。成语中蕴含着丰富的文化信息,包含着大量的文化特征和文化背景。成语一般具有形象鲜明、音律和谐、言简意赅和民族色彩浓厚的特点。人类生活在同一个物质世界,经历了大体相同的社会发展阶段,物质世界的共同性、社会发展的相似性、人类思维和情感的共通性形成了各种文化和语言的相容性和相通性[1]。英语和汉语中有些成语在语言形式和喻体形象上都有着惊人的相似之处,例如英语中的to strikewhile the iron is hot(趁热打铁), to pour oil on theflame(火上加油), an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth(以眼还眼,以牙还牙)等。但英汉民族由于在生存环境、生活习俗、宗教信仰等方面有着较大的差异,所以,在长期的历史演变过程中所形成的成语在语言形式和表达方式上各有特色。例如英语中的as strongas a house(健壮如牛), as poor asChurchmouse(一贫如洗)等。
2 英汉文化差异与成语翻译
翻译是一种跨文化的交际行为,由于不同语言有着不同的文化背景,在翻译过程中一般跟难把握,尤其是一些成语由于其很难被理解,翻译起来很是不易。译者只有深入了解英汉文化间的差异,采取适合于各自文化的语言表达方式来翻译,方能奏效。
2. 1 生存环境的差异与成语翻译成语有着浓厚的民族色彩,一般而言,本民族的人们对它既熟悉,又容易理解其意义,而对外国人来说则不然。成语的出现与人们的工作和生活环境有关。例如,英国是一个岛国,英国人非常喜欢海洋,因而英语中产生了不少与海洋有关的成语[2]。例如, adrop in ocean(沧海一粟), plain sailing(一帆风顺),between the devil and deep sea(进退两难), feel underwater(感觉不适), keep one’head above water(奋力图存)等。而中国是一个内陆国家,一向以农业为主,所以,汉语中成语常常与土地有关。如果形容某人大手大脚花钱,英国人会用“spend money like wa-ter”,而中国人则用“挥金如土”。中国农民居多,所以,汉语的成语多与农业有关。如“瑞雪兆丰年”“枯木逢春”“拔苗助长”“顺藤摸瓜”“卸甲归田”等。
2. 2 风俗习惯的差异与成语翻译中英风俗习惯的不同表现在其不同的生活条件、生活方式和生活环境上,其在语言尤其是成语中的表现更加明显。例如,英语中的成语很少使用数字,而要将其翻译成汉语则要使用数字,方能传达其含意。
例如,“be on the verge of breaking out”(一触即发),“again and again”(三番五次),“be perfect in everyway”(十全十美)等。
另外,不同的民族所喜欢的颜色也有所不同,这对成语也有很大影响。在中国,黄色象征着权力、庄严和高贵。而在西方国家,人们习惯于用“raised tothe purple”来形容国王所取得的王位。红色是中国人最喜欢的颜色,所以,新娘结婚时穿红色的衣服,中国的国旗也是红色的。然而在西方国家,红色却代表着危险。比如“the red”意为赤字,“turn red in thegills”意为某人生气了[3]。
2. 3 宗教信仰的差异与成语翻译宗教在国家发展过程中扮演着重要的角色,因此,有些成语带有浓厚的宗教色彩。很多英美人士信仰基督教,《圣经》是他们的必读书,其中不少语句成了他们人生哲学的座右铭。成语“as old asAdam”,从字面义上直译是“与亚当一样老”。由于亚当是第一个人,所以,把它译成“很久以前的,极古老的”就能够清楚地表达它的含义了。而“To raise Cain”则应译为“大发雷霆”。因为Cain是亚当和夏娃的儿子,他脾气暴躁且残忍,因嫉妒而杀了他的哥哥。相比之下,佛教对我国文化的影响更大,因此,有不少成语来自于佛教。例如“苦中作乐”“五体投地”“现身说法”“回头是岸”“借花献佛”等。
2. 4 历史文化背景的差异与成语翻译2. 4. 1 来自于寓言和神话中的成语及其翻译英语中,有些成语来自于《伊索寓言》和希腊、罗马神话。例如,“Achilles’heel”意为唯一致命的弱点;“the lion’s share”意为最大或最好的份额;“thetouch ofMidas”意为点金术等。而汉语中的这类成语多是由来自于历史文献的寓言故事和从神话传说中概括而成的。它们生动有趣,寓意深刻,例如,“叶公好龙”“刻舟求剑”等来自于寓言故事,而“精卫填海”“一枕黄粱”等则来自于神话传说。
2. 4. 2 来自于历史故事的成语及其翻译英国只有一千多年的历史,历史上发生的重大事件远不及中国多,因此,这方面的成语不如中国的丰富。例如,Dunkirk evacuation(敦刻尔克撤退)来自于第二次世界大战,原指英法军队在德军围困下被迫从敦刻尔克撤退,现比作“溃退”。Columbus’egg(哥伦布竖鸡蛋)比喻“万事开头难”等。而汉语中来自于历史故事的成语要多得多。例如,“四面楚歌”“望梅止渴”“请君入瓮”等[4]。
英汉中的这类成语有着不同的历史和文化背景,所以,译者很难从字面上直译,只有了解它们的起源,理解其深层含意,才能正确地翻译它们。
2. 5 对待事物态度的差异与成语翻译有时,英国人和中国人对同一事物会有不同的看法,而且他们赋予这些事物以不同的象征意义。我们可以从人们对待动物的不同态度上看出这一点。例如,“狗”在中国人心目中被认为是一种“可恶、可卑”的贬义的象征,因此,汉语中有“狗腿子”“狗眼看人低”“狼心狗肺”“狗急跳墙”“丧家之犬”“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”“痛打落水狗”“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”等成语。而dog在西方人眼中,却是讨人喜爱的宠物,是人类忠实的朋友,代表着“幸运、忠贞不渝”。
例如,“lucky dog”(幸运儿),“Every dog has its day”(人人都有得意日)等。这种风俗习惯的差异给成语的翻译带来了很大干扰,如果译者把“痛打落水狗”翻译成“beat a dog in the water”,读者会感到迷惑不解。
3 结语
成语翻译不仅是语言的转换,更是信息和文化内涵的传达。在成语的翻译实践中,应区分两种语言的文化差异,从分析原语的文化背景出发,在译语中做到文化内涵的转换。
参考文献:
[1] 郭建中.文化与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社, 1999.
[2] 程 慧.浅析汉英文化差异与翻译[J].语言与文化研究, 2008(1): 63.
成语翻译范文第4篇
关键词：汉语成语 “狗”字成语
1. 引言
根据《现代汉语词典》（第二版）（中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编，1983）。成语指的是：人们长期以来习用的，形式简洁而意思精辟的，定型的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。本文在这里讨论的是四字带“狗”字的成语的翻译。在英汉两种语言中都有大量的动物成语。其中，与“狗”字相关的英汉成语也为数不少。由于英汉文化背景下的读者在头脑中的有关这些成语的理解不同，因此，要将这些成语的原意准确透彻地翻译出来并不是容易的事。本文探讨汉语“狗”字成语的英译，旨在寻求如何尽可能准确翻译这类成语涵义的方法。
2. 翻译的过程
翻译的过程主要分为理解和表达两个阶段。理解实际上是对源语言信息的解码，而表达则是用目的语对源语言信息进行再编码。也就是说，翻译活动本身就是读者对原文本的编码进行解码的同时进行再编码的操作过程。理解，也就是解码的过程，就是对原作的语言符号进行解读，这正是进行翻译操作的前提和基础。
3. 汉语带“狗”字成语的翻译
汉民族是中华民族构成的主体，汉语成语普遍带有浓厚的汉文化特征。并且，自古以来，这些成语都来源于大量的历史典故和名人轶事，富有丰富的比喻意义，译者只有在充分理解其汉语成语的文化背景下，才能对其进行准确的翻译。
3.1 直译法
所谓直译法，就是在不违背汉语语言的规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下，在译文中保留英语成语的语言效果和文化色彩的方法，同时要求语言流畅易懂。使用直译法，不仅保持了成语原有的特点，而且还丰富了译文的语言。请看以下几个例子：
(1) 狐朋狗友：（dirty dogs）
泛指一些吃喝玩乐、不务正业的朋友。“搬弄是非，调三窝四；气的是他兄弟不学好，不上心念书。（清・曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十四回）：Angry with those dirty dogs who cause trouble and gossip upset，because Qing Zhong does not study hard or gave his mind to his books，and that is how the trouble start.或许译者认为“狐狸”和“狗”这两种动物臭味相投，勾结为朋友，译者在这样理解文本信息的基础上，用“dirty”一词形容狗，显而易见，我们很容易地可以将“dirty dogs”与“狐朋狗友”联想起来，故而闻其字便知其意。
(2) 狗仗人势：（like a dog counting on its master’s backing）
狗依仗主人的威势乱咬人。比喻假借权势欺凌弱小。“我不过看着太太的面上，你又有几岁年纪，叫你一声妈妈，你就狗仗人势，天天作耗，在我跟前逞脸。”（《红楼梦》七十四回）译文：“How dare you paw me? It is only for her lady’s sake and because you are old that I call you nurse，but like a dog counting on its master’s backing you are always making trouble. Today you have gave me too far.…”
译者在以上几个例子中便遵循了照字面意思，即直译的翻译手法。这样，读者看后会一目了然，根据其译文也能将其还原到原来的汉语成语。以上这个例子充分表明了用直译法翻译此类成语的方便性、简洁性。由此可见，在翻译过程中，直译法是比较通俗常用的翻译手法。但是，由于中华民族的文化博大精深，其文字含义极为丰富，因此，对于有些成语，不少读者在看到这样的翻译后往往还是不能明白是什么意思，这时候就不应该采取直译法，而应该考虑采用意译法。
3.2 意译法
所谓意译法，顾名思义就是重在将成语的意思表达出来，而不是咬文嚼字地刻意地抠字眼。即调整译文信息的形式，把文化差异对异语交际的影响减少到最低限度。意译法要求译者在翻译时不拘泥于形式，尤其根据文本信息的背景和自己积累掌握的语言知识和额外知识对其进行翻译，只要最终达到意义的传递，便是一个成功的翻译过程。例如：
（1） 狗血喷头：(pour out a torrent of abuse)
形容被骂得一塌糊涂。“范进被胡屠夫一口啐在脸上，骂了一个狗血喷头。”（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）此句话的译文为：Butcher Hu spat in his face and poured out a torrent of abuse.在这句话中，我们并没有看到“dog”或“dog’s blood”之类的词，而是用“torrent”一词修饰abuse以此来表达被骂的程度之重，将这个成语的原意表达得淋漓尽致。可见，这个成语的英译是作者根据成语的原汉语意思推敲翻译而成的。
（2） 狗苟蝇营：(hustle about trying to make some profits)
像狗似的，像苍蝇那样逐臭。比喻到处钻营，而且手段卑劣。“到底狗苟蝇营，依然逃不了圣明烛照。”(唐・韩愈)：“狗苟蝇营，驱去复还。”译文：Those who hustled about trying to make some profits shamelessly were driven away but some of them came back again.
表面看来，狗苟蝇营一词被译者翻译得面目全非，实际上，该成语的译文并没有背离它原本的意思，如果我们刻意地将其用直译法译出，可能远远不如用意译法译出的效果。
4. 总结
成语是语言的一部分，汉语成语丰富多彩，表达的内容极其深刻。汉语成语的翻译是一项非常复杂和艰难的工作。在翻译原文时，不仅要注意原文与目的语之间的差异，还要充分考虑受不同文化因素的影响，一些词汇的内涵需要结合一定的文化来理解，根据具体情况，采取不同的翻译方法准确深刻地传达汉语涵义。
参考文献：
［1］李耕砚.浅谈含人名的英语成语的文化内涵和翻译方法.科学报，2000年2月.
［2］吴敬梓.儒林外史.湖南人民出版社，新世界出版社，外文出版社，1999.
成语翻译范文第5篇
关键词： 转换生成语法 逆转换 动态对等
一、引言
近代以来，西方翻译理论的一大特点是把翻译问题纳入语言学的研究领域[1]。翻译理论研究迎来语言学转向――每一种翻译理论都是以某种语言学思想为理论基础。1957年美国著名语言学家诺姆・乔姆斯基在《句法结构》中提出转换生成语法，标志着西方语言学理论达到了一个新的高度。与此同时，尤金・奈达在总结自身实践经验的基础上，借鉴了乔姆斯基的转换生成语法，成功地将其和翻译理论实践结合起来，创建了“逆转换”、“动态对等”一系列重要概念。由此可见，乔姆斯基转换生成语法对奈达的影响深刻地反映出语言学和翻译理论的紧密结合。下面将从乔姆斯基的理论出发，讨论二者的紧密联系，揭示语言学理论对翻译理论的重大影响。
二、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法
在乔姆斯基以前，西方语言学家将研究视角集中于语言的共时结构，侧重于对语言现象的描写，特别是对语言系统的精密描写。转换成语法改变了以描写为主、侧重语言共时结构的传统研究观念，将视角放在阐释人类的语言能力上。在某种程度上，乔姆斯基的转换生成语法是一场语言学领域的“哥白尼革命”。乔姆斯基在《句法结构》一书中详细地阐释了转换生成语法的理论内涵。转换生成语法的理论体系虽然庞杂，但核心思想很简单：语言不是人脑以外的东西，而是人生来就有的思维行为[2]。在《语言理论的若干问题》一书中，乔姆斯基提出了“深层结构”概念。他认为，人生来就有应用语言知识的天赋。语言学的目的是研究人的语言能力，研究人脑中的语言知识[3]。
具体来说，转换生成语法的理论框架由三个部分构成。首先是句法部分，这其中可以进一步分为基础部分和转化部分。基础部分主要描写语言的基本结构、基本结构，进而构成语言的深层结构。转换部分则由转换规则组成，句法部分的深层结构通过转换规则构成表层结构。第二是语义部分，即解释句子深层结构中所包含的语义。第三是语音部分，即句子凭借语音最后达到句子的表层结构。所以，在乔姆斯基看来，任何一个句子都是由深层结构、转换规则和表层结构三部分组成。将语言分成深层结构和表层结构是西方语言学发展史上的一次有益尝试。拨开千变万化的表层结构，人们可以看到隐藏在语言深处的深层结构。转换规则的运用则使人们原本在深层结构和表层结构之间的“非理性”的位移变得有章可循。
三、奈达的翻译理论
乔姆斯基的转换生成语法不仅给语言学带来了一场深刻的变革，而且直接推动了奈达翻译理论的构建。“奈达在阐释自己的理论时借用了乔姆斯基的理论模式，其中包括人脑的固有结构的概念、转换生成规则以及将表层符号将表层符号认做一种次要的表象的观点等的观点等”[4]。受乔姆斯基转换生成语法的启发，奈达认为在语言的深层结构中蕴含语言的普遍规律。从深层结构的维度观察人类语言，会发现形形的人类语言背后实则埋藏具有普遍意义的语义规则。人类语言在语义层面的共通性和相似性正是翻译得以进行的基础。
基于乔姆斯基的转换生成语法，结合自身的理论实践，奈达提出“逆转换”和“动态对等”两个重要概念。转换生成语法认为，语言的深层结构通过转换机制可以得到其表层结构，然而，在翻译时，译者可以对源语言进行解构，逆向运用转换机制，即从源语言的表层结构追溯到深层结构，进而得出源语言的核心语义。由于人类语言在深层结构层面具有相似性，译者可以在目的语中找到和源语言语义对应的深层结构，再通过转换规则得出目的语的表层结构。逆转换得以实现的关键之处在于人类语言在深层结构具有相似性。因此，在从源语言到目的语的转换过程中要始终牢牢抓住双方的深层结构，进而实现双方在深层结构上的对等，由此推导出符合目的语语法规则和语境要求的表层结构。
奈达的另一重要概念――动态对等则借鉴了“读者反应”理论。如果说逆转换强调的是翻译过程的话，那么动态对等注重的则是翻译结果，即读者对译文的接受程度和理解程度。动态对等是指基于源语言和目的语双方深层结构所具有的相似性，由逆转换机制得出的译文，可以使目的语读者获得和源语言读者一样的阅读体验和审美感受。动态对等的独特之处在于，翻译行为最后应以读者对译文的接受程度作为归依。以读者为中心，强调读者的接受程度，从读者的角度观照翻译，这是动态对等在理论上的一次创新。在很大程度上，动态对等在翻译过程中实现与否及其实现程度的强弱直接决定了翻译质量的高低。因此，动态对等是衡量逆转换是否正确、翻译是否成功的一把标尺。译者在翻译中不仅要在源语言和目的语之间取得表层结构上的形式对等，更要实现双方在深层结构上的动态对等。
四、结语
转换生成语法作为语言学理论，不仅推动了语言学研究达到了一个新的高度，而且对翻译理论的发展产生了巨大的影响。奈达在结合自身研究成果的基础上，创造性地将转换生成语法融入自身翻译理论构建，他的逆转换和动态对等成功地将语言学概念融入到翻译实践中，为翻译理论研究开辟了新的方向。
参考文献：
[1]谭裁喜.新编奈达论翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2002.
[2]谢媛媛.转换生成语法和奈达的翻译思想.宿州教育学院学报，2009，12（6）.
