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骨质疏松伴病理性骨折定义

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骨质疏松伴病理性骨折定义

骨质疏松伴病理性骨折定义范文第1篇

[关键词] 腰椎后路椎体间融合术;腰椎管狭窄;马尾神经;磁共振成像

[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)05(c)-0096-04

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the characters of cauda equina nerve root sedimentation sign (SS) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and the effect of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Methods The clinical data of 126 patients with LSS underwent modified PLIF surgery in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from January 2013 to June 2014 were retrospective analyzed. According to the supine MR examination, the cases were divided into positive SS group and negative SS group. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA-29) score system was respectively used to evaluate the treatment effect before operation, 3 months after operation and last follow-up. Results There were 109 cases with positive SS and 17 cases with negative SS. The incidence of positive SS was 86.5%. The JOA scores in SS positive group were respectively (10.2±3.4), (22.3±3.1), (23.1±2.3) scores before operation, 3 months after operation and last follow-up, the JOA scores increased after operation (P < 0.05). The JOA scores in SS positive group were respectively (11.1±4.4), (21.4±5.4), (23.6±3.1) scores before operation, 3 months after operation and last follow up, The JOA scores also increased after operation (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference of JOA scores between two groups before and after operation (P > 0.05). Conclusion SS is commonly found in the lumbar spinal stenosis patients, and it does not influent the postoperative outcome. However, SS is not still considered as the predict factor of postoperative effect. The modified PLIF surgery is a valid treatment method for SS positive patients.

[Key words] Posterior lumbar interbody fusion; Lumbar spinal stenosis;Cauda equina; Magnetic resonance imaging

腰椎管狭窄症指腰椎管容量减少,硬膜囊和/或神经根受压而出现功能障碍,发生率约为30%,60岁以上发病率更高[1]。腰椎管狭窄症是一种常见的老年腰椎退变性疾患,常表现为间歇性跛行,由于缺乏明确的临床体征和影像学标准,目前,临床医生只能通过综合多种方法来诊断并判断是否需要手术[2, 3]。腰后路椎板切除减压伴或不伴椎间植骨融合术是治疗腰椎管狭窄症的标准术式[4-5]。2010年,Barz等[6]提出马尾神经沉降征(sedimentation sign,SS)可以直观判断椎管狭窄。但是,SS提出后对临床的指导意义尚需进一步明确,为此,本研究回顾分析了126例手术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者,现总结报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾分析2013年1月~2O14年6月在上海医院脊柱外科收治的2个节段以上腰椎管狭窄症患者126例的临床资料,其中男51例,女75例;年龄47~74岁,平均(63.15±6.29)岁;病程4~32个月,平均(10.51±6.05)个月;手术节为2~6个,平均(3.03±1.02)个;临床表现:典型间歇性跛行98例,腰痛104例,单侧下肢酸胀不适或疼痛67例,双侧下肢不适32例,伴有不同程度下肢感觉障碍102例,肌力减弱22例;所有患者均行改良PLIF术。

纳入标准:① 间歇性跛行或伴腰痛和下肢疼痛、麻木;②核磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查确诊中央椎管或神经根管狭窄;③经正规保守治疗3个月及以上无明显疗效。排除标准:①蛛网膜炎、下肢血管病变患者;②单节段腰椎间盘突出继发椎管狭窄患者;③合并有腰椎手术史、外伤、强直性脊柱炎、病理性骨折、严重的骨质疏松等的患者。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 MR检查及SS判定 采用PHILIPS 1.5T磁共振成像仪,行腰椎矢状面及横断面扫描,层厚4.0 mm,层距1.0 mm。由两名经验丰富的骨科医生分别阅片收集数据,协商一致后进行结果判定并分组。

Barz等[6]将马尾神经束在仰卧位腰椎MRI横断面上的形态分为两类(上下二分法):正常情况下马尾神经束悬浮于脑脊液中,仰卧位时神经束由于重力作用沉降到椎管背侧,从而在MRI图像上表现为除了下节段神经根外,马尾神经束集中于硬膜囊背侧部分,即SS征阴性;SS阳性即仰卧位时神经束仍悬浮于硬膜囊内。见图1。

1.2.2 手术方法 改良后路椎体间融合内固定术(modified-PLIF):患者俯卧位,采取标准后正中入路切口,分离椎旁肌,暴露相邻上下椎体的关节突关节。在病变间隙上下椎体常规置入椎弓根螺钉进行固定。棘突咬骨钳切除棘突,骨凿切除下关节突,枪钳咬除部分上关节突、黄韧带,暴露硬膜囊和出口及行走神经根,神经拉钩向一侧牵开硬膜囊和神经根,显露椎间盘,去除椎间盘和软骨终板,置入合适大小的椎间融合器。探查出口根及行走神经根管是否狭窄。对侧及上、下节段做相同处理。安装连接杆,将置入融合器间隙椎弓根螺钉加压固定。止血、缝合切口。改良方法较标准PLIF下关节突去除略多,更利于减压出口神经根,并在行椎间融合时减少对神经根和硬膜囊的牵拉,降低损伤神经根的概率。见图2。

术后24 h内给予抗生素预防感染,如合并基础疾病或感染高危因素患者,延长抗生素使用时间。术后第2天后拔除引流管,床上开始双下肢抬高和挺腹锻炼,2~3周后腰围保护下可下床进行活动,腰围需要佩戴3个月。

1.2.3 疗效评价 根据日本骨科学会(JOA)评分标准(29分法)对患者的术前、术后3个月和末次随访的疗效进行比较。并对SS阳性组和SS阴性组疗效进行对比。JOA评分标准主要包括主观症状(下腰背痛、腿痛及步态)、临床体征(直腿抬高试验、感觉障碍及运动障碍)、日常活动受限度和膀胱功能等。

1.3 统计学方法

应用SPSS 13.0对数据进行分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

126例患者SS阳性者109例,SS阴性者17例,SS阳性发生率为86.5%。SS阳性组术后JOA评分均较术前升高(P < 0.05);SS阴性组术后JOA评分均较术前升高(P < 0.05);但是,两组患者术前及术后JOA评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。典型病例影像学资料见图3。

患者男,55岁;A:术前腰椎MRI平扫T2加权像矢状面显示L3/4和L4/5椎管狭窄,硬膜囊及马尾神经受压;B:术前腰椎MRI平扫T2加权像横断面显示L3/4平面椎管狭窄,马尾神经束分散于硬膜囊中,马尾神经沉降征阳性;C:术后X片显示行L3~L5椎弓根螺钉内固定,L3/4和L4/5行椎间融合术

3 讨论

3.1 腰椎管狭窄症的影像学诊断

腰椎管狭窄症主要以长期慢性腰痛、间歇性跛行等为主要症状的特点[7]。因为缺乏典型的症状、体征,所以,临床中往往根据临床表现、电生理学检查和影像学表现进行诊断[8]。然而,对于手术指征与责任节段存在较多的争议[9-10]。腰椎MRI横断面椎管面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)被认为是主要测量指标[11],但是,临床症状、评分系统与椎管CSA关联度不佳[12],特别是部分老年患者椎管狭窄程度较重,但是,临床症状不重。因此,部分学者研究应用站立位或增强、轴向负重、直腿抬高状态下的MRI或CT可以提高诊断率[13-14],但是,尚未获得广泛认可。所以,本研究的纳入标准中,既包括影像学表现,也包括临床表现。

3.2 SS的提出与定义

2010年由Barz等[6]首先提出SS。由于行仰卧位MRI检查时,漂浮在硬膜囊内的马尾神经随重力作用沉降到背侧,除去下节段神经根外,即SS阴性;SS阳性即仰卧位时神经束仍悬浮于硬膜囊内。考虑L5/S1节段S1和S2神经根位于硬膜囊腹侧,不存在马尾神经束的沉降,故排除L5/S1节段。Barz等[6]的报道中根据马尾神经束在腹侧与背侧的分布进行定义,即“二分法”,而不是以关节突连线来分类;考虑最狭窄节段马尾神经束被挤压在硬膜囊内影响马尾神经沉降征的判断,故其选择病变狭窄最严重节段的上或下一个节段至少一个层面存在马尾神经束沉降现象即可诊断马尾神经沉降征阳性,并配以横断面MRI平扫图片为例,但是,配图未指明所取横断面的具体层面,因此易产生误解。由于椎体中央水平与椎间隙水平马尾神经束在硬膜囊内的分布可能有差别,进一步可能影响马尾神经沉降征阳性率的判定,因此,Barz等[15]进一步明确为L1/2~L4/5节段中最狭窄节段中上、下椎体中央水平,避免了易引起的误解。针对SS的具体界定应进一步加强,避免因认定标准与方法不一而导致的阳性率差别巨大,产生更多误解。

3.3 SS在腰椎管狭窄症中的应用价值

Barz等[6]报道SS在有症状腰椎管狭窄症患者中阳性率为94%,而在腰痛组的阳性率为0%,而且不受腰椎节段的影响,SS诊断腰椎管狭窄症可信度高。但是,其进一步研究显示SS并不能作为手术治疗效果的预判因素,但是SS阳性患者保守治疗效果不佳[15]。Rachel[16]报道病例SS阳性率为66%(76/115),且多发生在L2/3或L3/4节段,多表现为中央椎管狭窄,阳性组患者手术治疗效果明显改善。Tomkins-Lane等[17]认为SS阳性具有较高的组内和组间信度,但是,其并不能帮助鉴别腰椎管狭窄症与下腰痛、血管性间歇性跛行等疾病[18]。

3.4 改良PLIF手术

19世纪早期Hibbs脊柱植骨融合术出现以后,人们进行了不懈的创新改进。20世纪中叶,Cloward[19]首先报道了脊柱椎间融合术,之后,椎间融合器进行了多次更新,使腰椎后路椎体间融合术(PLIF)成为应用最为广泛的融合技术之一[20]。由于标准PLIF手术要求保留部分下关节突,而中国人退变性腰椎疾病常伴有严重的侧隐窝狭窄和神经根袖处的压迫,一味保留下关节突易造成减压不彻底,而且,为椎间融合需过度牵拉相应节段神经根和硬膜囊,若牵拉力量过大容易造成神经根损伤或术后下肢酸胀,而且,因L3以上节段神经根和硬膜囊的活动度小,牵拉范围有限[21, 22]。因此,本研究在保证充分椎间融合的基础上,较标准PLIF下关节突去除略多,更利于减压出口神经根,并在行椎间融合时减少对神经根和硬膜囊的牵拉,降低损伤神经根的概率。

综上所述,SS作为诊断腰椎管狭窄症的补充方法已经引起大家的充分关注,但是,人们如不充分了解其操作方法与标准可能会导致错误,对临床产生误导。同时,SS对腰椎管狭窄症治疗效果的指导意义仍需观察研究。

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