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光伏发电产业,是一个预示着中国和世界经济发展希望的阳光产业。而光伏建筑一体化更是未来建筑业发展的方向。
一、中国光伏发电产业概况和前景
中国光伏发电产业于20世纪70年代起步,90年代中期进入稳步发展时期。到2005年底,中国光伏电池总产量超过250MW,光伏组件总产量超过400MW。从2002年以来,国家发改委启动了"西部省区无电乡光明工程",通过光伏和小型风力发电的方式,最终解决西部七省区即、新疆、青海、甘肃、内蒙、陕西和四川近800个无电乡的用电问题。市场潜力将为100万千瓦,总投资约为800亿元。最近几年我国光伏产业正以每年30%的速度增长。按照国家发改委编制的《可再生能源中长期发展规划》,到2020年我国光伏发电总容量将达到220万KW。
二、世界光伏发电产业概况和前景
在国际上,光伏发电产业成为增长速度最快、初步实现规模化发展的可再生能源发电技术2002年以来,全球光伏发电装机年均增长率超过40%。 2007年全球新增装机量同比增长 62%,当年统计安装量为2.83GWp,累计总装机容量大约为12GWp。据有关预测或展望,未来数年全球光伏市场将以大约60%的速度增长, 2020年累计装机将达到200GWp,绝大部分为并网光伏发电。届时中国光伏发电总量仍不到全球发电总装机容量的1%。
三、中国光伏产业发展的瓶颈和差距
1、光伏发电产业科技发展的瓶颈
与国际光伏企业相比,技术研发仍然是中国企业的软肋。配套技术还不成熟,产品可靠性低;独立系统中的蓄电池技术还不过关,寿命低。在发展上,中国企业走的是大规模扩张的路子,以多取胜,但这种模式是不能持久的。美国、日本等发达国家却走技术、精细化、缓扩张的路线。迫于成本压力,国内光伏企业大多做多晶硅电池技术,但多晶硅原料使用不当会造成污染,薄膜太阳能电池技术才是发展的趋势,而着方面的研究还十分落后。
2、光伏发电产业成本和消费与发达国家的差距
我国光伏产业需要的设备、原料和市场都在欧美地区。95%进口高纯硅材料靠进口;95%以上出口市场在国外。 国内太阳电池生产能力迅速膨胀,2007年全国太阳电池生产能力达到 2.0 GW,生产能力过剩; 成本仍然偏高(独立发电系统初投资 8-10万元/KW,并网发电系统投资6-8万元/KW,发电成本3.5-5元/KWh),商业化市场的发展受到限制。而西方国家多晶硅太阳能电池技术的发电成本最低可降到约合0.7元人民币/kWh,大约在2015―2016年左右可降到1元人民币/kWh,使得光伏发电首先在日本、德国、西班牙等实行较高平均零售电价的国家开始商业化发展。
3、光伏发电产业链整合与发达国家的差距
在产业链整合上,国外诸如夏普、德山、京瓷等日本光伏企业,在整个产业链上技术全面,多晶、单晶电池和薄膜电池均有涉及和生产,而在光伏生产的核心设备上也是自产。中国光伏发电从产业链,硅料供应不能自给,主要是进口;电池环节产能过剩,企业普遍开工率低于50%;单一组件封装企业压力很大,产量相对过剩,组件价格回落(15-20%)。在全球光伏产业链中,太阳能光伏的产业结构呈现明显的金字塔形,最上游的是高纯度硅料生产,技术含量最高,利润最大,价格约占太阳能电池成本的70%以上;其次才是电池片、电池组件等环节,越往下游技术要求越低,利润越薄,中国绝大多数企业正处于产业链的下游,产业链的整合迫在眉睫。
4、中国光伏发电产业定位不合理
中国光伏产业定位已经陷入“两头在外挣小钱”的窘境。目前中国太阳能光伏产业仍主要依靠市场驱动而非技术驱动,缺乏强大的内在竞争力。每年大约95%的光伏组件都出口到国外。产品和市场结构不合理,中国是世界光伏产业大国,但国内消费不到10%,国内光伏发电的总装机量仅占全球装机总量的1%,产品严重依赖出口;技术结构不合理,中国最具优势的是电池片和组件技术,以及其他新兴电池的开发上,但装备技术和原材料技术并没有真正掌握,基本上都是控制在发达国家手中;中国是光伏制造大国,而不是制造强国,至今未能摆脱“世界工厂”的命运,仍处全球光伏产业价值链下游。
针对以上差距和问题,笔者认为对发展我国光伏产业应采取一下对策:
1、将光伏发电产业发展利用提高到战略地位考虑。在今后5-10内,我国的光伏发电系统的应用一方面还将以采用户用光伏发电系统和建设小型光伏电站为主为偏远地区农牧民(即目前我国1/3的无电人口)提供最基本的生活用电;另一方面,借鉴发达国家发展屋顶系统的经验,在经济较发达、城市现代化水平较高的大中城市,在公益性建筑物以及在道路、公园、车站等公共设施照明中推广使用光伏电源。开展大型并网光伏系统的示范,为在光伏发电成本下降到一定水平时开展大型并网光伏系统的大规模应用做准备。预计到2010年和2020年,光伏系统的这3个方面的应用总量将达到约40万kW和180万kW。因此,建议中国发展光伏产业的国家战略定位原则方针应该是:要有利于中国光伏产业的发展;要有利于增强国力和提高国际竞争力;有利于促进社会发展和就业;符合我国的节能、环保和可持续发展战略。
2、集中力量,引进培养研发和产业人才。从太阳能级硅材料入手,建立硅材原料供应基地,解决原材料短缺问题;大力加强先进技术的研发和产业化,扶持“技术推动型” 的光伏设备制造业,加强相关科技、财税、外贸优惠等扶持政策,鼓励支持发展符合我国的人力资源优势和扩大就业政策导向的太阳能电池和组件制造业,巩固和扩大国际市场份额。
3、在城市实施并网发电计划,制订太阳能光伏发电的配额利用计划,以延缓化石能源枯竭的期限;例如,设置可再生能源配额制度,以及光伏发电配额制度,从政策和制度上明确国家及地区电力组成中可再生能源,尤其是光伏能源所占比例。配额制度可对电网运行者提出购买一定比例光伏电力的要求;也可以要求电力公司在其产品中提供一部分来自光伏发电的电力。
4、对光伏企业实施政策倾斜,鼓励产业发展。建立更有效的补贴方案,补贴水平(包括上网电价补贴和资本投入补贴)应根据光伏的实际成本结构决定,而不是采取简单的低价者中标,以确保中标价格的合理性和良性竞争。为了光伏的健康成长,中国需要培育对国有、私营、甚至跨国公司均具吸引力的更加多样化及开放的市场。
【关键字】现状;发展趋势
一.全球光伏市场现状及发展趋势
据欧洲光伏产业协会数据显示,1994年到2009年短短15年间,全球太阳能光伏发电累计装机容量增长了44倍,年均增长维持在28.8%。
欧洲、日本和美国一直是光伏产业发展较快的国家,尤其是德国、西班牙和日本集中了很多知名的光伏电池生产商,同时也是最主要的光伏产品终端消费市场。2007年之前,欧洲和日本占据了光伏电池生产的70%左右的市场份额。2007年,中国光伏产品产量占到全球产量的26.6%,一跃成为全球太阳能电池第一生产大国。
国际能源署(IEA)预测:2020年世界光伏发电量将占总发电量的2%,2040年将占总发电量的20%―28%。欧盟联合研究中心(JRC)预测,到2030年,可再生能源在总能源结构中的比例将占到30%以上,太阳能光伏发电在世界总电力供应中将达到10%以上;2040年可再生能源在总能源结构中将占50%以上,太阳能光伏发电在世界总电力供应中将达20%以上;到21世纪末,可再生能源在总能源结构中将占到80%以上,太阳能光伏发电在世界总电力供应中将达到60%以上。
二.国内光伏产业发展现状
中国光伏产业起步于1970年代,1990年代进入稳步增长期,2005年进入快速增长阶段。之后的几年,中国光伏产业平均年增长率维持在40%以上,成为全球最大的光伏产品生产国,已经占据了全球约50%的市场份额。
虽然中国光伏产业发展迅速,但随着外部环境的变化,产业发展的弱势日益突出。由于整体技术水平落后及科技成果转化困难,中国光伏产业在国际终端市场缺乏话语权,尽管出口量大,却不掌握定价权,往往需要靠价格战进行低端竞争,短期内可能抢占市场,长期必将危及行业发展。目前为止,我国光伏产业尚未建立全面的研发创新体系,同时缺乏高新制造产业支撑,很多精密设备、高纯度硅料依赖进口,大大提高了我国光伏电池的生产成本。
辩证地看待国内光伏产业的现状,市场低迷期往往也是产业调整期,在哀鸿遍野的产业危机中,也正悄然孕育着整个产业发展的新机遇。当经历洗牌和换血之后,市场重归正常秩序,那些走过“寒冬”的企业,必将成为未来产业的主导者与引领者。
三.国内光伏产业发展方向
关键词:双反 产能过剩 光伏产业
一、江苏省光伏产业发展现状
(一)光伏产业快速发展
江苏省在1984年开始涉猎太阳能光伏产业的发展,之后便开始进入快速的发展,在2010年实现产值1988亿元,接近全国光伏总产值的2/3,从业人员12万多,直至今天被称为“中国太阳能光伏第一省”,有“世界光伏看中国,中国光伏看江苏”的地位。
(二)对欧出口量大幅下滑
2012年欧盟对我国光伏产品实施“双反”前,江苏约有近七成的光伏产品出口到欧盟,可以说欧盟曾是江苏省最大光伏产品出口市场。2011年、2012年江苏对欧盟出口太阳能电池占江苏太阳能电池出口总值比重分别达73%、69%,而2013年对欧盟出口太阳能电池总值只有18.3亿美元,占江苏太阳能电池出口总值比重下降到31.8%。江苏很多小企业更是直接关门歇业,据统计,江苏目前光伏出口企业有300多家,出口欧盟市场的也超过300家,共有一千多家相关企业受到影响。
(三)光伏出口市场格局呈多元化趋势
由于美国与欧盟先后对我国光伏产品采取“双反”措施,使得我国光伏产品不得不收缩欧美市场,进而不断寻求新的增长点。不同于欧美市场的持续疲软,近年来,江苏对亚洲市场的光伏产品出口额不断增长,自2013年以后,亚洲市场已经取代欧盟成为江苏第一大光伏出口市场。目前,从出口市场来看,江苏已形成多元化的市场格局。
(四)“两头在外”困境有所突破
目前,我国日益重视原材料的开发和生产,国内多晶硅生产企业有18家,其中,江苏中能凭借技术和产能优势成为龙头企业,其产量占我国总产量比重近50%;2014年,我国国内多晶硅产量达13.2万吨,进口近10万吨。从下游的应用市场看,对于以欧盟为主要市场的江苏光伏企业来说,在欧盟实施“双反”以来,虽然遭受惨重损失,但2013年国内市场实现突破式的增长,2014年,我国光伏产能达35吉瓦,国内市场安装了10吉瓦多。目前,我国光伏产业已在很大程度上突破了“两头在外”的困境。
二、江苏省光伏产业面临的困境
(一)价格大幅跳水
光伏组件从toll年的平均每瓦1.5美元降至目前的0.7-0.8美元。2012年1-10月,光伏产业产品价格持续下跌了48.9%。虽然企业的出货量增加,但产品价格的急剧下跌造成企业营业收人锐减。根据我省四家主要光伏企业(阿特斯、天合、韩华、中电电气)的财报,四家企业共计出货量为3.5GW,与2011年同期基本持平,但实现营业收人32.5亿美元,同比下降了34.4%。
(二)企业经营困难
一方面,企业资产负债率普遍偏高。省内几家主要光伏上市企业总负债超过600亿元,平均负债率在70%以上,其中,天合光能为67.57%,阿特斯为79.47%,尚德接近85%。过重的债务负担给企业正常经营造成严重不利影响。另一方面,企业融资更加困难。在当前整个产业“不景气”的情况下,金融系统已将光伏产业列为“高危”行业,纷纷收缩贷款规模,从严放贷,造成企业融资困难、融资成本加大。
(三)生产出现停滞
江苏近千家光伏制造企业,有近半处于停产状态,大型企业也严重开工不足,员工下岗或待工。徐州中能硅业受到国外多晶硅生产企业倾销挤压,目前,库存7000吨,生产已处于停滞,尚德目前已进人破产程序。
三、江苏省光伏产业解决困境应采取的措施
(一)加强技术创新与进步
江苏的光伏产业链虽已形成,在关键环节并不具备明显技术优势,与欧美等国相比仍有较大差距。江苏省光伏出口长期以来都是以劳动密集型为主,技术的缺失是我们不断遭受贸易壁垒的重要原因,技术的缺失也是阻碍产业健康发展的最大障碍。要实现光伏产业可持续发展,必须不断突破各环节的关键技术,提高产品性能。除了政府在资金、政策上的支持外,企业要保有不断创新的意识,加强产、学、研、金融结合,加大研发投入,企业间要加快兼并重组,中小企业要向大企业靠拢,提高产业集中度、提升核心竞争力。
(二)发展高效组件产业,加快单晶技术发展
对于发展光伏发电而言,要降低度电成本,就要提高组件的转换率,发展高效组件产业。我国光伏产品一直以来是以多晶硅为主的。对此,要加强单晶技术的发展,加决布局单晶市场,要加大研发资金的投入,尽快突破技术瓶颈。通过发展高效组件产业,也可以提高组件质量、降低组件在使用过程中光电转化率年均衰减,保障光伏电站的使用寿命和发电效率。
(三)要进一步加大国内市场与新兴市场的开发
从国内市场来看,进一步扩大市场份额主要面临光电尚未普遍实现平价上网、火电成本更低、弃光率高、光电电网配套设施不到位等问题。对此,要加快配套设施建设、注重发展分布式发电、提高大家使用清洁能源的环保意识,而对于成本问题,在真正实现通过技术进步降低成本之前,政府应采取普遍性补贴来降低价格,鼓励大家使用。
从发展新兴市场来看,要借“一带一路”战略机遇,进一步加强对沿线国家的合作与开发。沿线很多国家都是经济新兴体和发展中国家,普遍处于经济上升期,光电市场潜力巨大。当然,在发展新兴市场过程中必然要而对那些强有力的竞争者,这就更加督促我们要加快技术创新的步伐。
(四)积极应对贸易摩擦
光伏行业应对贸易摩擦可以从对外和对内两个方而展开。对外要做到以下几点:对于已达成协议的制裁措施,我企业要严格执行,以稳定市场;对于正在进行中的要积极应诉,抱团应诉,联合国内外可以团结的力量,通过磋商、法律抗辩来缓解摩擦;而对于有摩擦风险的市场,要防患于未然,建立预警机制,要密切关注其动态。同时,要深化多元化市场格式以分散市场风险。对内则要做到:提高光伏行业准入标准,适度瘦身,淘汰落后产能,不断提高产品品质,加强行业自律,进一步发展光电产业等。
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[1]魏政,于冰清.我国光伏产业发展现状与对策探讨[J].中外能源,2013(6).
[2]李钢.“双反”冲击下我国光伏产业面临的困境与出路[J].对外经贸实务,2013(06).
关键词:十二五规划;光伏工程;人才培养;应用研究型
中图分类号:G642.0 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2012)12-0155-02
一、太阳能光伏产业十二五发展规划与启示
工信部于2012年2月24日印发《太阳能光伏产业“十二五”发展规划》,规划从经济目标、技术目标、创新目标和发电成本目标四个方面明确提出了太阳能光伏产业的发展方向,作为光伏行业十二五最重要的规划文件的,使得近日来一直处于寒冬的光伏行业,终于迎来期盼的政策“温暖”。规划表示,“十二五”期间,光伏产业保持平稳较快增长,多晶硅、太阳能电池等产品适应国家可再生能源发展规划确定的装机容量要求,同时积极满足国际市场发展需要。支持骨干企业做优做强,到2015年形成:多晶硅领先企业达到5万吨级,骨干企业达到万吨级水平;太阳能电池领先企业达到5GW级,骨干企业达到GW级水平。规划还调整了光伏发电成本目标,称:到2015年,光伏组件成本下降到7000元/千瓦,光伏系统成本下降到1.3万元/千瓦,发电成本下降到0.8元/千瓦时,光伏发电具有一定经济竞争力;到2020年,光伏组件成本下降到5000元/千瓦,光伏系统成本下降到1万元/千瓦,发电成本下降到0.6元/千瓦时,在主要电力市场实现有效竞争。规划还提到了“十二五”期间对光伏产业的政策支持:提升光伏能源地位,加强产业战略部署;加强行业管理,规范光伏产业发展;着力实施统筹规划,推进产业合理布局;积极培育多样化市场,促进产业健康发展;支持企业自主创新,增强产业核心竞争力;完善标准体系,推动检测认证、监测制度建设;加强行业组织建设,积极参与国际竞争。作为河南省首批申办光伏工程本科层次人才培养的高等院校,我们的人才培养理念和人才培养方案应跟上国际形势和国内产业战略的变化,针对光伏工程专业在校学生正在实施的人才培养方案,以及教学实践的环节中发现的问题,做出及时调整,以满足市场经济对人才的需求。
二、光伏工程本科人才培养方案的思考
1.本科光伏人才培养的定位。从十二五规划看,我国的光伏产业要走自主发展道路,一改过去大量生产太阳能电池及原材料,企业依赖出口销售的单一生产局面,多晶硅、太阳能电池等产品适应国家可再生能源发展规划确定的装机容量要求,同时积极满足国际市场发展需要,更重要的是要大幅度调整光伏发电成本,提升光伏能源地位,将逐步实施“太阳能屋顶”计划推动市场应用和产业发展。行业的蓬勃发展,以经济为基础的同时必须有充足的人才作为支柱。就目前光伏行业人才现状来看,出现两个极端:一是高端人才,包括海归在内的太阳能相关专业的硕士博士生,他们是企业研发部门和科研单位向外挖取的对象;而另一方面是极少数职业技术学院毕业生或经过短期职业培训的技术工人,他们主要在企业生产一线从事技术劳动和管理工作。光伏行业目前的这种人才结构,不能满足行业长足发展要求。而目前作为一个新兴本科层次的光伏工程专业,人才培养方案及模式在国内同等层次的高校中,尚无可以参照执行的标准。根据这种现状,我们将人才培养目标定位在“本科层次,应用研究型”,所谓的“应用研究型”人才,是既可以在企业从事生产和管理工作,在生产一线作为技术员工程师使用,也能参与企业的产品研发,补充到行业科研人员队伍中,以弥补光伏行业人才的缺口。
2.本科光伏人才培养的课程设置。“应用研究型”人才的培养,需要我们在课程设置上合理配置,设计好基础课、专业基础课、专业课的比例,本着“重基础、宽口径”的思路进行课程设置,同时满足高校本科必须的实验环节要求。为着重基础,光伏工程专业外语、计算机应用四年不间断,同时电磁学、电动力学、电工学、电路、模拟电子和数字电子技术、光学、固体物理、半导体物理与器件、工程企图等都要保证足够的学时数;专业课与专业基础课覆盖面要适中,既包括应用光伏学、光伏建筑一体化、光伏技术与工艺、光伏发电系统的设计与施工,还应该有太阳能电池材料等方面的课程;在选修课程与科技创新活动教学计划中要列举更多的与太阳能相关联的可选课目,如洁净能源与不可再生能源,能源材料、应用软件,科技创新等。在各个课程计划中应保证足够的实验学时,确保理论与实践合理配置。
3.“应用研究型”人才是光伏行业当前的市场需求。光伏工程“应用研究型”本科人才培养以“重基础、宽口径”为思路,既符合我国光伏行业的现状,也符合当前大学生就业市场的需要。尽管在国际国内太阳能光伏产业都持续迅猛发展,我国按十二五规划既定方针,即便是五年内光伏发电系统成本下降到1.3万元/千瓦,发电成本下降到0.8元/千瓦时,与传统水力发电或火力发电成本不足0.2元/千瓦时相比,发电成本还是很高。另一方面,要上马光伏发电系享受国家财政补贴需经过严格审批制度,企业完全靠自行投资光伏发电系统回收资金周期太长,再者太阳能发电单位面积上功率小,国家电网大规模上项目受到场地的限制,所以目前和相当一段时间里,光伏发电要走用电企业自发电、供电之路,要经历一段“星星之火可以燎原”发展的模式。这种发展模式对人才的需求更是“技能+应用+研究”的多面手。我们输送的人才要对发电系统的运行、维护、故障处理等有全面的掌控能力。然而光伏发电的大规模形成需要一个过程,在这个过程中,毕业生要面对就业的双向选择,不能否认会有一部分毕业生从事光伏相关甚至相近(如LED等)行业的工作。为了扩大毕业生的就业局面,我们本着“重基础、宽口径”的指导思想,把“应用研究型”作为光伏人才培养的目标,是当下行业本科人才培养的基本模式。
4.鼓励更多的学生参与大学生科技创新。学生综合能力的培养是一个系统工程。课程设置为学生系统学习理论知识创造了必要条件,实践性环节和校外课堂也是学生汲取知识的不可缺要的途径。鼓励学生积极参与科技创新是非常必要的。这些年来,各个高校很重视学生科技创新工作,鼓励学生积极参与教师科研课题,或者教师科研课题分出一部分作为子课题让学生来做,这是对学生科研能力、团队精神、分析问题解决问题能力培养的很好方式。我们在光伏工程人才培养方案中,很重视对学生科技创新能力的培养,学校在这方面也给予了很大支持,每年都有学生创新项目和大学生基金项目申报和审批,并有一定的资金支持,还给予必要的学籍学分。事实证明,学生参与科研的积极性主动性是非常高的。在这项工作中,既培养了学生的创新意思,提高了他们解决问题克服困难的能力,也加强了学生的团队合作精神。
俗话说“十年树木,百年育人”,人才的培养与教育是系统工程,人才培养方案的科学性与合理性需要历经实践来检验,要在执行中不断修改和完善。光伏工程这个最新兴的行业人才培养方案正在不断地修改和完善中。
参考文献:
[1]太阳能光伏产业“十二五”发展规划[Z].
关键词:发展;国内市场与国际市场;机遇与挑战
一、Development
The Chinese photovotaic industry developments in 2015 saw both an increase in profitability and rising stock market values. The latter reflected an increased expectation of continued improvement in industry performance. The first half of 2015, shipments of Chinese photovotaic companies are on the up trend, the profitability has been greatly improved, the majority of Chinese photovotaic companies achieved profitability. in the first and second quarter of 2015 , there are seven Photovotaic companies announced their shipments data, which is RENE Sola(昱辉), HANWHA(韩华), YINGLI(英利), JA Solar(晶澳), Canadian Solar(阿特斯), JINKO(晶科), TRINA Solar(天合光能). Currently, these seven companies are the best seven companies in Chinese Photovotaic development. The data they published can represent a certain extent China’s development of photovotaic industry in 2015.
As we can see, In the first half of 2015. Trina shipments grew 20%, JINKO shipments grew 16%, HANWHA shipments grew 16%, JA Solar shipments grew 12%. RENE Sola, Canadian Solar, YINGLI decreased by 12.7%, 17% , 3%, respectively. Compared to 2014, HANWHA, JINKO, Canadian Solar, TRINA Solar, JA Solar shipments grew 81%, 38%, 32%, 30.6% and 16%, respectively. RENE Sola and YINGLI decreased 13.5% and 18% compare with 2014.
In the Chinese A-share stock market, shares of photovotaic has four listed companies in a loss; nine listed companies net profit are declined, More noteworthy is that in the first half of 2015, total revenue of 22 listed companies, increased about 17% compared with last year’s 22.7 billion yuan. In second quarter of 2015, JINKO’s gross profit rate reached to 21%(about 75 million US dollars), which ranks the forefront of domestic and foreign enterprises. But YINGLI’s gross profit rate has fallen to 10.35% in the first half of 2015, it leads to YINGLI attributable to ordinary shareholders in the first half profit is -961 million RMB. (about 150 million US dollars) Overall, Chinese photovotaic industry is in a process of steady improvement. Investors are optimistic about the future of the photovoltaic industry enterprise earnings reflects the company’s confidence in the capital market outlook. In Chinese A-share stock market, the median level of the photovotaic business have 41times earnings, compared to other manufacturing industries, photovotaic industry have a greater advantage, which reflecting investor optimism about the future prospects of the photovoltaic industry.
From the situation of Chinese economic development, Chinese economic slowdown shows that China is transforming from investment-led economy to become economy consumer led economy. So as the Chinese photovotaic industry, not only exports, expand the domestic market and the government advocate photovoltaic applications. But even so, in the first half of 2015, exports in Chinese photovotaic grew. Because the global demand still rising, and China supplies more than 70% of global photovotaic production capacity. In the second half of 2015, China’s photovoltaic industry will show a steady upward trend, but the development of photovotaic industry still facing many problems, including a relative weakness in the competitiveness of manufacturing, enterprises’ financial difficulties. In the short run, the photovoltaic industry will remain in an adjustment phase, as corporate mergers and acquisitions and the integration of resources will be accelerated. Competitive enterprises with the advantages of technology, capital, management, and other aspects of the brand will further seize market opportunities.
二、Anti-dumping and Countervailing
The international financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis, has led to a sharp reduction in the global photovotaic market demand and a severe slowdown in the pace of development of photovoltaic industry.In October 2011, the United States launched an investigation into the case for considering Anti-dumping and countervailing measures against Chinese photovotaic industry. At this point, Chinese photovotaic industry has entered a “winter period” as its production slows down. The Chinese photovotaic production mode is raw materials (include multicrystalline and silicon solar panels) and sales are both in foreign markets, while processing and production are in the Chinese mainland, so that the photovotaic company can take advantage of cheap labor to generate its competitive advantages. Reducing demand in European and American photovotaic market and the “double reverse” investigation has brought the Chinese photovoltaic industry to examine the weakness of it score competitiveness, as reflected in its excess production capacity, imbalance of the market distribution and other issues. It is important to analyze the influence of the “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation to development of Chinese photovotaic industry.
First of all, for the Chinese photovotaic companies in Europe and America “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation of photovoltaic products directly lead to a decline in exports, which caused huge losses to the Chinese enterprises. January 2015, China and the United States announced the second final junction photovoltaic dual case, the result will affect the export value of 2 billion to 3 billion U.S. dollars, and will affect hundreds of thousands of Chinese photovotaic manufacturing practitioners’ lives. In general, as this trade circumvention of Chinese exports is extremely unfavorable findings often impose high anti-dumping duties, some companies are likely to face closure and lay-offs.
Low cost is the main competitive advantage of Chinese photovotaic products (the current cost of large-scale photovotaic companies in China sales of photovotaic modules in the United States is about $ 0.75, the average price in US is $ 0.97). China’s photovotaic industry dependent on imports of raw materials, a large share of its sales is dependent on exports, overcapacity is a major problem in China’s domestic market. Although the Chinese solar cell production has accounted for most of the international market, but it still more than 90% of products dependent on the international market, the largest market share is in Europe, its formation is highly external dependent. Chinese photovotaic industry by the United States of “Anti-dumping and countervailing” in 2011, its output increase significantly slowed. From 2010 to 2011, China photovotaic production increase of 9981MW, after “Anti-dumping and countervailing”, from 2011 to 2012 was 166MW, less than one sixtieth of the previous annual increase. Because of China’s photovotaic products to enter the European market by Taiwan or other areas, and China is developing its own domestic photovoltaic applications market, therefore, in 2013 China’s photovoltaic production on the rise again. But 2014 has led to a second wave of “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation, cutting off the third-party channels, so once again cause damage to the development of China’s photovoltaic industry. In general, China’s solar photovoltaic industry in the global solar industry chain middle-level manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing sectors due to the low investment, short construction period, low technology and capital threshold, the emergence of a large number of Photovotaic production enterprises was possible. However, since the United States and Europe continue to “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation, had the effect of promoting the continued expansion of China’s domestic application market, while increasing the employment market for photovoltaic applications of solar energy photovoltaic industry.
三、International market
In recent years, the rapid development of China Photovotaic industry in the international market, not just in the US and European markets accounted for a significant market share. In fact, demand from the US and European markets has been weakening, and they have turned to trade protectionism to protect their domestic companies, “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation is the proof. Based on this situation, China’s Photovotaic industry has also entered into the rest of the world, especially the Third World countries to seek opportunities.
(This Image is from Internet)
As we can see, world Solar energy distributed mainly in West Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Oceania, Moreover, most countries in these regions are developing countries of the Third World. They have tremendous economic development and Photovotaic markets.
四、Asia
Pakistan has been in the grip of severe energy shortages for many years with some rural areas left without power for up to 20 hours a day. There has been little local or foreign investment in the industrial sector because of the extensive power cuts, and a number of factories have had to close down. This is the first energy project under the US $46 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a key part of China’s ‘new silk roads’, linking the port at Gwadar in southern Pakistan with Kashgar in China’s western region of Xinjiang. Pakistan has a large number of solar energy photovoltaic power generation, which can partially absorb the excess production capacity of China’s Photovotaic sector.[7] The plant is located in Bahawalpur region Thar desert, it is Pakistan’s first and it is the world’s largest solar power plant.
五、Africa
Africa has large tracts of land that are not covered by the grid, which precisely provides a good opportunity for solar energy development in Africa. Due to the imperfections of the national grid, although many regions are still using traditional kerosene (African countries spend more than 10 billion US dollars on kerosene per year. Residents spent 10%-30% of disposable income on kerosene.), but Solar energy has now become African countries’ choices. From the first chart of this article above we can see Solar energy is abundant in Africa, it is paradise of renewable energy.
From the Steven Sinofsky’s article “Africa’s Mobile-Sun Revolution”[8], he believes that the development of the mobile communications business in Africa can greatly improve the living standards of the African people, alleviating poverty in Africa. He thinks the solar power combined with large-scale batteries will be the “grid” in developing markets in the near future.
“An amazing transformation is taking place, and that is the rise of solar. What we might see as an exotic or luxury form of power for hikers and backpackers, or something reasonably well-off people use to augment their home power, has become as common a sight as the water pump.”
In Sinofsky’s article, he thinks there were two factors has brought solar so quickly and cheaply to Africa people. First, China has been investing massively in solar technology, solar panels and solar-powered devices. That has brought choice and low prices, as one would expect. In seeking growth opportunities, Chinese companies are looking to the vast market opportunity in Africa, where people are still not connected to a grid. There’s a full supply chain of innovation, from the solar through to integrated appliances with batteries.
Second, China has a significant presence in many African countries, and is contributing a massive amount of support in dollars and people to build out more traditional infrastructure, particularly transportation. In fact, many Chinese immigrants in these countries on work projects become the first customers of some of these solar innovations.
Their first stop will be one of the biggest solar power stations on the continent in Garissa, Kenya. Chinese solar panel makers are set to supply the majority of the $140 million needed to build the power station, according to state-owned China Jiangxi Corporation for International Economic and Technical Cooperation, the deal’s coordinator. The move will give Chinese manufacturers a base of operation to expand their presence across Africa[9]. Kenya has a huge potential for power generation from solar energy resources. The government, of the last few years, has started taking initiatives to significantly boost solar power generation in the country, focusing on distributed as well as utility-scale solar power projects. The Kenyan solar park will generate up to 76 million kWh of electricity annually and provide power for about 350,000 people, half of Garissa’s population. Chinese solar companies “mired in debt and overcapacity are in great need to find alternative markets, as their biggest importer will probably buy less due to the duties,” Xinhuanet said. After China finishes building the Kenyan plant, Xinhuanet added, “Chinese solar panel makers may bulk up in Africa.”
六、Opportunities and Challenges
From 2011 to 2015, the recession in 2011 was indeed a great shock to the Chinese Photovotaic industry, It is obvious that China was already suffering the lowest profit in Photovotaic markets. As we can see, so far the Chinese Photovotaic industry looks like already came out of the shadow of the “Anti-dumping and Countervailing” investigation by USA and EU. I believe that investigation in fact helped Chinese Photovotaic enterprises in the self-adjustment, and there are many Photovotaic companies who have no capacity to effectively compete in international markets and were forced out of the market. China’s Photovotaic industry is no longer blind pursuit of low prices and high yields, but began to improve their technological level, government subsidies will be gone sooner or later. A healthy industry growth should be independent of government subsidy and sustain on its own. So they hope to be able to create a strong international market competitiveness.