JEFC词汇教学法
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初中学生学习英语,在初一的时侯,往往兴趣很浓,成绩也不错,可是随着词汇量增加及语法项目的增多。渐渐地失去了对英语的兴趣。一个很重要的原因就是过不了词汇关。本文根据笔者多年的教学经验,就怎样教词汇,谈些看法。
词汇教学应采用"全方位教学法"(注:这是笔者自己给这一方法取的名),即在教学一个词时,应尽可能多地将该词与学生已有的旧知识建立起各种联系。这种方法特别适用于有了一定的词汇量之后的词汇教学及词汇总复习。
词汇教学,首先,应从词的拼写即词形着手,看看该词是有哪些字母或字母组合组成的,是否跟以前学过的单词有相似之处?有何特点可帮助记忆,同时,应跟音标建立起对应关系,注意哪些字母及字母组合不发音,如:hour中h不发音,climb中的b不发音等;有哪些字母及字母组合发音符合读音规则,哪些比较特殊,还应注意是否有同音词,在初中英语中同音词有三十多对(见附录1),当然,还应区分音似词(见附录2)及形似词(见附录3)。
第二,应注意一词多义现象,一个单词用在不同的场合有不同的含义,如:by一词可作"在......旁"、"乘(车、船等)"、"不迟于"、"被,由"等解释。
第三,应了解词性,尤其是兼类词,如:neither一词可作连词、代词、形容词和副词,因为从词性可以掌握词在句中的功能,这一点跟汉语有许多相似之处,如:动词作谓语,副词作状语等。
第四,应跟反义词(见附录4)、同(近)义词(见附录5)联系起来,应讲清近义词之间的细微差别,尽可能地用英语解释英语,其中旧版第五、六册练习中有一百多个,可借鉴,平时,老师也应多帮助学生积累英语释义。也可通过查双解词典得到英语释义。
第五,教词汇时,应让学生掌握一些与该词有关的常见搭配,还应教一些重点句型及语言适用的情景。让学生记住。如：hadbetter(not)＋动词原形；Therebe+主语；Excuseme,couldyoutellmehowIcangetto...?等。
第六,教词汇,还应让学生掌握各类词的词形变化,关于这一点,我想分成几点来讲。
1.教名词时,首先应注意该词是可数名词还是不可数名词,特别是一些容易混淆的词，如：bread,paper（纸）等，由于受汉语影响，学生们往往误认为可数名词。若是可数名词则应注意复数形式。若遇到不规则的,应让学生死记硬背。如下面的内容应让学生记住：
考试频度较高的名词复数形式小结
1.childchildren2.manmen3.womanwomen
4.policemanpolicemen5.EnglishmanEnglishmen
6.FrenchmanFrenchmen7.footfeet8.toothteeth
9.sheepsheep10.JapaneseJapanese11.ChineseChinese
12.knifeknives13.wifewives14.lifelives
15.shelfshelves16.halfhalves17.leafleaves
18.tomatotomatoes19.potatopotatoes20.zoozoos
21.radioradios22.kilokilos
2.教动词,应注意第三人称单数形式,现在分词,过去式及过去分词。若遇到不规则动词,应让学生看看它的变化是否跟其它不规则动词变化有共同之处。如：可以归纳为AAA形、ABB形等。
3.教形容词,副词要注意比较级及最高级形式。如遇到不规则的,应让学生死记硬背。归纳如下：
不规则形容词和副词的比较等级
原级比较级最高级
1.good(well)betterbest
2.bad(badly,ill)worseworst
3.many(much)moremost
4.littlelessleast
5.farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)
6.oldolder(elder)oldest(eldest)
4.教数词,应注意基数词与序数词的转换。特别应注意first,second,third,fifth,twelfth,ninth,fortieth等词。
5.教代词时,不管遇到下面的哪一种形式,即,人称代词的主格、宾格;形容词性的物主代词、名词性的物主代词;反身代词,就应让学生讲出其它各种形式。如下表:
人称代词,物主代词,反身代词一览表
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
并告诉学生,形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然汉语意义一样,但英语中使用时应注意,在形容词性物主代词后必须加名词才能使用,而名词性物主代词则单独可以使用。
6.教国家的名称时，可同时教民族、语言名称。如：
countrypeoplelanguage
1.ChinaChineseChinese
2.JapanJapaneseJapanese
3.AmericaAmericanEnglish
4.AustraliaAustralianEnglish
5.FranceFrenchFrench
6.EnglandEnglishmanEnglish
7.GermanyGermanGerman
8.RussianRussian
9.CanadaCanadian
7.另外,还应让学生们注意,该词是否可通过加前缀或后缀的方法变成另一个单词,如:luck加y变成形容词lucky,而lucky把y变成i再加ly就变为副词luckily,又如:happy前面加un变为否定意义。（详见附录6）或者是否能与其它的词合成新词。如：class与room合成为classroom等。
总之,我们在教词汇时,应千方百计地启发学生充分发挥各种联想,以便在学生脑中建立起多种联系,达到促进记忆的目的。从本人十多年的运用情况来看,效果是比较好的。文中难免有不周之处，敬请同行指正。
附录1
义教版同音词小结
one--wonway--weighI--eye
son--sunmeat--meetright--write
for--foursea--seeroad--rode
father--fartherhole--wholeno--know
here--hearwear--wherenew--knew
our--hourthere--theirweather--whether
past--passedours--hoursah--are
aren''''t--auntate--eightwho''''s--whose
blue--blewby-bye--buyhi--high
pear-pairknows--noseread--red
sew--soto--too--twothrew--through
wood--wouldblue-blewweak--week
its--it''''s
附录2
义教版读音易混淆的词小结
1.meat,metre2.head,hand3.hard,heart
4.nose,noise,nurse5.slow,snow6.show,sure,shall
7.wood,word,world8.much,March,match9.work,walk
10.thin,thing11.think,thank12.big,pig
13.bed,bad14.horse,house15.light,right,night
16.mouth,month17.great,grade18.hear,hair
19.full,fall20.for,fall21.sing,thing
22.quiet,quite23.no,now24.leaf,leave
25.wash,wish26.then,than27.what,water
28.crowd,cloud29.low,row30.back,bag
31.beat,better32.bike,back33.box,books
34.class,glass35.clothes,closes36.dead,dad
37.grass,glass38.lesson,listen39.parent,present
40.same,some41.long,wrong42.since,sings,things
43.forty,fourteen44.cheap,jeep45.blown,brown
46.lend,land47.police,please48.count,can''''t
49.living,leaving50.side,said51.kite,Kate
52.join,John53.Mary,merry54.along,alone
55.ice,eyes56.wait,white,wet57.cap,cup
58.black,break59.shoe,sure60.will,well
61.ran,rang62.ship,sheep63.sang,sung,song
64.slow,throw65.run,rung66.lock,rock,luck
67.goal,girl68.live,leave
附录3
义教版拼写易混词小结
1.whetherweather2.presentparent
3.formfrom4.monthmouth
5.quitequiet6.agoage
7.watchmatch8.fatherfarther
9.shirtskirt10.strangestrong
11.thenthan12.tiredtried
13.broughtbought14.weekweak
15.samesome16.feltfell
17.househorse18.plantplane
19.cleanclear20.evenever
21.hathate22.sandsend
附录4
义教版反义词(对应词)小结
1.big---small2.black---white
3.buy---sell4.cheap---dear(expensive)
5.close---open6.closed---open
e---go8.different---same
9.leave---stay10.early---late
11.easy---hard12.empty---full
13.give---take14.heavy---light
15.little---much16.new---old
17.puton---takeoff18.right---wrong
19.sit---stand20.down---up
21.sitdown---standup22.here---there
23.this---that24.these---those
25.from---to26.few--many
27.after--before28.always--never
29.atfirst--atlast30.answer--ask(qestion)
31.back--front32.bad--good
33.atnight--inthedaytime34.different--same
35.beout--bein36.above--below
37.best--worst38.better--worse
39.bring--take40.busy--free
41.cold--hot42.cool--warm
43.cry--laugh44.dangerous--safe
45.dry--wet46.far--near
47.fat--thin48.finish--begin(start)
49.full--hungry(empty)50.happy--sad
51.ill--well52.inside--outside
53.into--outof54.last--first
55.learn--teach56.less--more
57.left--right58.long--short
59.no--yes60.part--all(whole)
61.poor--rich62.pull--push
63.puton--takeoff64.quick--slow
65.short--tall66.thin--thick
67.tonight--today68.like--unlike
69.yesterday--tomorrow70.work--rest
71.move--stay72.behind--infrontof
73.lose--win74.wakeup--gotosleep
75.weak--strong76.dark--light
附录5
义教版同(近)义词小结
1.almost---nearly2.aloud---loud
3.true-real4.anybody----anyone
5.whether-if6.trouble---worry
7.sure---certain8.bright---clever
9.space-room10.difficult---hard
11.enjoy---like12.maybe---perhaps
13.nobody---none14.except---but
15.start---begin16.helpful---useful
17.job---work18.several---afew
19.shout---cry20.quick---fast
21.small---little22.too---also
23.large---big24.problem---question
25.game---match26.certainly---ofcourse
27.glad---happy28.byair---byplane
29.learn---study30.haveto---must
31.high---tall32.lose---miss
33.ill---sick34.atonce---rightnow
35.quite---very36.every---each
37.begoodat---dowellin38.atlast---intheend
39.haveacold---catchacold
40.enjoyoneself---haveagoodtime
41.lookafter---takecareof
42.becareful---takecare,lookout
43.reach---getto,arriveat(in)
附录6
派生词
一、n.---->adj.
1.sunsunny2.rainrainy
3.cloudcloudy4.windwindy
5.noisenoisy6.lucklucky
7.healthhealthy8.carecareful
9.useuseful10.helphelpful
11.thankthankful12.wonderwonderful
13.friendfriendly14.differencedifferent
15.foolfoolish16.sleepasleep
17.dangerdangerous18.southsouthern
19.northnorthern20.woolwoolen
21.deathdead
二、v.---->adj.
1.interestinteresting2.pleasepleased(pleasant)
3.worryworried4.savesafe
5.forgetforgetful6.enjoyenjoyable
7.fillfull8.diedead
三、v.---->n.
1.drivedriver2.farmfarmer
3.winwinner4.runrunner
5.playplayer6.singsinger
7.waitwaiter8.workworker
9.teachteacher10.readreader
11.writewriter12.foreignforeigner
13.villagevillager14.speakspeaker
15.keepkeeper16.thinkthinker
17.cleancleaner18.visitvisitor
19.inventinventor20.traveltraveller
21.jumpjumper22.inventinvention
23.operateoperation24.livelife
25.diedeath
四、adj.--->adv.
1.angryangrily2.badbadly
3.beautifulbeautifully4.carefulcarefully
5.certaincertainly6.easyeasily
7.finalfinally8.happyhappily
9.loudloudly10.politepolitely
11.quickquickly12.quietquietly
13.realreally14.slowslowly
15.suddensuddenly16.truetruly
17.usualusually18.luckyluckily
19.heavyheavily20.healthyhealthily
21.noisynoisily22.widewidely
23.terribleterribly24.strongstrongly
25.brightbrightly26.clearclearly
27.kindkindly28.safesafely
29.nearnearly30.possiblepossibly
31.fullfully
五、肯定---否定
1.happyunhappy2.trueuntrue
3.usualunusual4.likeunlike
