土地换保障中英文对照翻译

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中文：

城市化进程中失地农民的再就业安置是当前面临的一个重要问题。对此进行理论分析和实际考察，具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。从公平与效率的关系出发，客观分析和阐述了在我国城市化建设中，政府与市场在失地农民再就业安置中应承担的职责，并通过考察国内外失地农民再就业安置的经验，指出了我国政府在解决失地农民再就业安置中的责任，并提出相关建议与对策，希望有助于我国失地农民再就业安置问题的解决，有助于社会主义和谐社会的建设。

失地农民的出现是社会发展注重效率的必然结果，其再就业安置则体现了社会公平的程度。随着人类对于自然界的认识及改造能力的增强，追求效率的结果是以群居为特征的城市的出现及社会城市化进程的加快。这是以占有原农村土地为代价的，因此就产生了大量的失地农民。所以说失地农民的出现是社会追求效率的必然结果。另一方面农民失去了土地，也就失去了原来赖以生存的手段;而且其整体文化素质不高，参政能力有待提高，这就决定了失地农民在社会上处于弱势群体的地位。社会公平就是要解决社会上弱势群体的平等地位。从反方面来看，如果没有很好的解决失地农民再就业安置问题，失地农民很容易成为社会发展的消极因素，进而影响社会效率的提高。

政府作为执行公共权力的主体，在维护公平方面，起主导作用。其主要通过建立和实施相关制度，用它来规范社会中行为主体人的行为，维护社会秩序。

政府在促进就业中应承担的职责包括以下几个方面:提供就业政策，建立健全就业相关法规制度;为就业者提供公平的就业环境，完善就业服务体系;充分发挥比较优势，搞好产业结构调整，多渠道、多层次、多形式开发就岗位;为失业者提供社会保障，以保证失业者在就业前的基本生活。

研究发达国家在城市化进程中对失业农民的安置过程，我们发现，各国政府都积极的发挥作用:通过立法制定严格的法律、法规及相应政策，尽量保护农民利益;用工厂和农场来吸收剩余劳动力，加强就业培训、利用多种途径促使剩余劳动力的就业;设立失地农民社会保障，降低他们的风险。

通过对长春市净月潭旅游经济开发区的失地农民再就业安置问题的实地研究，比较我国其它地区失地农民再就业安置情况，目前在无统一的政策规定的情况下，各级地方政府采取的就业安置模式主要有:浙江模式，以土地换保障为中心的以商业化运作为特点的多渠道多形式的就业安置模式;咸嘉的“留地集中安置，综合开发建设”模式;南海的集体土地股份制模式;以杭州和山东为代表的开发性安置模式。综合来看，各种安置模式都存在一些共性的问题:如目前各地几乎还没有真正建立失地农民的社会保障制度，保障方式单一，水平过低;政府没有履行其应尽的职责;制度方面不能有效的保证失地农民的权益;以土地换社保的模式强调、突出了保障，但对就业能力的提高，再就业的安置关注不够等等。

在失地农民再就业安置过程中农民自身存在的问题主要包括:文化素质和劳动技能偏低;自身的适应性较差，在思想、观念上没有做好充分的准备去适应这种非农转变;农民缺乏捍卫自身权益的思想意识，不知道如何利用法律武器保护自己;农民组织化程度空前弱化，农民基本上丧失自我保护能力;失地农民中的“弱势群体”的生活难问题尤为突出。

在失地农民再就业安置过程中政府存在的问题包括:1、政府责任错位:政府没有更好的为被征地者提供生活基础—补偿安置款;政府对提高失地农就业能力和再就业的安置关注不够;个别政府和商家勾结，牺牲农民利益以谋取私利。2、由政府失职导致的制度缺失表现在:制度有效供给不足一一失地农民再就业安置法律法规不完善，相关政策落实不到位;土地征用补偿制度不合理，监督机制不健全，补偿费用被基层政权截留;社会保障制度缺失。

为解决上述问题，政府在对失地农民再就业安置的过程中要做到:1,政府要保证有效制度供给:首先要制定符合失地农民特点的社会保障制度;其次要完善征地制度及相关法律法规，保护被征地农民利益;再次，政府要提高自身执法水平保证各项制度法规的有效落实。2、政府有责任指导失地农民的再就业。3、政府要从多方面帮助失地农民实现再就业:首先要完善失地农民就业培训机制和体系，帮助失地农民提高劳动技能;其次制定适合失地农民特点的就业促进政策，多创造岗位，扶持失地农民逐步致富;再次建立完善的劳动力市场体系，营造健康的就业环境。另外，为更好地解决失地农民再就业安置问题，还应充分发挥市场机制优势，并提高农民自我维权水平。

英文：

Atpresent,wehavetofacetheseriousproblemhowtofindjobsforthepeasantswholosttheirlandintheprocessofurbanizationinchina.Therefore,itisoftheoreticalvalueandrealisticmeaningcarryingonthetheoreticalanalysisandpracticalinvestigationtotheproblem.Thepaperanalysesobjectivelyandexpoundthedutyofthegovernmentandthemarketintheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirland,andpointsoutreemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswhothegovernment''''sdutyduringlosttheirterritories,andbringsrelevantsuggestionswhich,Ihope,maybefavorabletoresolvetheproblemandconstructionofsocialistharmonioussocietyinChinathroughtheexperiencesbothathomeandabroadaboutthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirterritories.

Itisaninevitableoutcomeforustopayattentiontoefficiencyinsocialdevelopmentthatthepeasantslosttheirterritorytakesplace.Itreflectsthedegreeoffairnessinoursocietythattheyhasbeenreemployedandsettleddown.Withmankind''''sdevelopmentoftheabilitytounderstandandtransformnature,theresultofpursuingefficiencybringsaboutappearanceofthecitywiththecharacteristicoflivingingroupsandquickeningtheprocessofthesocialurbanization.Thisisatthecostofoccupyingtheoriginalruralland,whichmakesalargenumberofpeasantslosttheirterritories.

Therefore,itisaforegoneconclusionforthesocietytopursueefficiencythatthepeasantslosttheirland.Itsuggeststhatthepeasantslosttheirterritoriesmeanthattheylosttheoriginalwaytheydependonforexistence.Th

epooreducationofthewholepeasantsgetandtheabilitytoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairsneedsdeveloping,allofwhichdeterminethepositionofdisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietythatthepeasantslostterritorieshavetobe.Afairsocietyshouldjustsolvetheproblemoftheequalfooting,whichthedisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietyshouldget.

Otherwise,thepeasantsoflostterritoryareveryapttobecomethenegativefactorofsocialdevelopment,whichwillbeabadinfluenceontheimprovementofsocialefficiency,iftheproblemofreemployingandsettlingdownthepeasantsoflostterritoryissolvednotverywell.

Asthesubjectofcarryingoutpubicpower,thegovernmentplaysaleadingroleinkeepingfairness.Itstandardizesthebehavioralagents''''behaviorinsocietybythewaytosetupandadministerrelevantsystems,andkeepsthecivilorder.

Thedutythatthegovernmentshouldtakeinpromotingemploymentincludestherespectsasfollows:Firstly,offertheemploymentpolicies,setupandperfecttherelevantlawsandregulationsonemployment;Secondly,offerthefairemploymentenvironmenttoemployees,perfectservicesystemofemployment;Thirdly,givefullplaytocomparativeadvantage,dowellinindustrialrestructuring,tryhardtocreatetheopeningsbythemultifacetedways;Finally,offerthesocialsecuritytothejobless,soastoensuretheirbasiclifebeforetheyareemployed.

Studyingtheprocessoffindingplacesfortheunemployedpeasantsintheprocessofurbanizationinthedevelopedcountry,we''''vefoundthatthegovernmentsofvariouscountriesallshaveplayedtheroleofactivesupport.Throughlegislatingtomakethestrictlawsandregulationsandcorrespondingpolicies,whichtrytheirbesttoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasants;Absorbthesurpluslabor,strengthenemploymenttraining,impelthesurpluslaborerstobeemployedbyasmanywaysaspossible;Setupthesocialsecurityforthepeasantsoflostterritoryandreducetheirrisk.

Throughon-the-spotresearchesonthesettlementoftheproblemofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinChangchunJingyuetanTourist&EconomicDevelopmentZone,comparingthesituationsofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinotherareasofourcountry,underthesituationthatthereisnounifiedpoliciesandregulationsatpresent,themainreemploymentandsettlementmodesofthelocalgovernmentsareasfollows:ThemodeofZhejiang,themulti-channelandmultiformmodesofreemploymentandsettlement,takesexchanginglandforsocialsecurityaskeyandtakescommercializedoperationasitscharacteristics;themodeof"reservinglandforintegratesettlement,comprehensivedevelopmentandconstruction"hasbeenusedinXianjia;theshareholdingmodeofcollectivelandinNanhai;thetypicalcreativemodesinHangzhouCityandShandong.Ingeneral,therearesomeproblemsincommonamongthesesettlementmodes,suchasalmostnorealsocialsecuritysystemforthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesatpresenthasbeenmadeandmeanwhile,thewaysofsocialsecurityistoosimpleandfarfromperfect;thegovernmentdoesn''''tdoitsdutywhichitoughttodo;itcan''''teffectivelysecuretherightsandinterestsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.Themodeofexchanginglandforsocialsecurityemphasizesthesocialsecurity,butdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontotheimprovementofemploymentabilityandthearrangementofreemploying,etc.

Duringthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,thepeasantshavetheirownproblemsandtheyaremainly:education,laborskillspoor;andtheirownadaptabilityarepoor;theymakenofullpreparationforfacingthechangefromagriculturaltonon-agriculturallaborerintheconceptorideas.Peasantshavenotheideologyofdefendingtheirownrightsandinterests,don''''tknowhowtousetheweaponsoflawtoprotectthemselves;thepeasant''''sorganizationisweakenedinunprecedentedway,peasantsloseself-protectionabilitybasically;theproblemsofhardtoliveforthe"disadvantagedgroups"amongthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesareparticularlyserious.

Intheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheir

territoriesthegovernmenthastheproblemsasfollows:1.improperpositionofthegovernment''''sresponsibilities:thegovernmentdoesn''''tprovidethepeasantswhoselandisacquiredwithbetterlivingcondition-compensationforsettlement;thegovernmentdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontoimprovingtheabilityofemploymentandreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirland;somegovernmentsandbusinessmencollaboratewitheachotherandencroachupontheinterestsofthepeasantstoseekpersonalgain.2.thegovernmentneglectsitsdutytocausethelackofinstitutionasfollows:theinsufficientoftheinstitutionaleffectivesupply-theimperfectofthelawsandregulationsonthereemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesandrelevantpoliciesarenotfullyimplemented;theinstitutionoflandacquisitioncompensationisunreasonable，supervisionmechanismisnotperfect,compensationexpensesarekeptbythepoliticalauthorityatroot-level;thesocialsecuritysystemislacked.

Inordertosolveabove-mentionedproblems,duringthereemploymentandsettlementaboutpeasantwholosttheirterritories,thegovernmentshouldaccomplishwhatasfollows:1.Thegovernmentshouldguaranteetheeffectiveinstitutionsupply.First,formulatethesocialsecuritysystemwhicharesuitabletothecharacteristicsofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories;second,perfecttheinstitutionoflandacquisitionandtherelevantlawsandregulationstoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasantswhoselandareacqu

ired;thelast,thegovernmentitselfshouldimproveitslaw-enforcementlevelinordertoguaranteetheeffectiveimplementofeveryinstitutionandregulation.2.Thegovernmenthastheresponsibilitytoguidethereemploymentofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.3.Thegovernmenthasthedutytohelppeasantswholostterritoriesgetreemployedinmanyways:First,perfecttheemploymentmechanismandsystemforthepeasantswholostterritories,helpthemimprovetheirlaborskills;second,formulatethepromotionalpoliciesofpromotingemploymentsuitabletothemandcreatemorepoststosupportthemtolivemorecomfortablygradually;last,setupperfectlaborforcemarketsystemandbuildfineemploymentenvironment.Inaddition,tobettersolvetheproblemofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,weshouldexploitadvantagesofthemarketmechanismtothefullandimprovethelevelofsafeguardingtheirownrightsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.