英语语态用法管理

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一.何时使用被动语态

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要

如：Paperismadefromwood.

Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.

Hewaswoundedinthefight.

2.需要强调动作的承受者时

如：Calwlatorcan''''tbeusedinthemathsexam.

Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn''''tbetakenaway.

Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.

3为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。

如：Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.

Electricityisusedtorunmachines.

二.被动语态的构成

1.be+done可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中，done可以带by短语，而系表结构中done相当于adj.不带by短语。

如：Thequestionissettled.(系表结构)

Suchquestionsaresettledbyus.(被动语态)

Thecompositioniswellwritten.(系表结构)

Thecompositioniswrittenwithgreatcare.(被动语态)

Thejobwaswelldone.(系表结构)

Thejobwaswelldonebyaskilledworker.(被动语态)

2.许多verbs(broken,interested,shut,worried),既可以用做adj.也可以在被动语态结构中做过去分词。句中如果有by，通常是被动语态。

如：Iwasworriedabeutyouallnight.(表状态)

Iwasworriedbymosquitoesallnight.(表动作)

TheglasswasbrokenbyJack.(表动作)

Theglassisbroken.(表状态)

Iwasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.

Shewasfrightenedatthesightofasnake.

三.不同形式的被动语态

1.含有直宾和间宾的主动结构，变为被动时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。

如：Heshowedmehispictures.

Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.

Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.

Auntmademeanewdress.

Iwasmadeanewdressbyaunt.

Anewdresswasmadeformebyaunt.

Hesentmeabirthdaypresent.

Iwassentabirthdaypresentbyhim.

Abirthdaypresentwassenttomebyhim.

2含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变。

（1）将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。

如：TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.

Heleftthedooropen.Thedoorwarleftopenbyhim.

（2）make,let,have,hear,watch,see,feel,notice.help既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加to，变为被动，必须加to.

如：MybrotheroftenmademedothisandthatwhenIwasyoung.

IwasoftenmadetodothisandthatbymybrotherwhenIyoung.

Iheardhermoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.

Shewasheardtomoveaboutinherroomuptairslastnight.

DidyouseeJacktakeawaythemagazine?

WasJackseentotakeawaythemagazine?

3.情态动词的被动语态。是由情态V+be+p.p.构成

如：Theycannotfindhim.

Hecannotbefound.

Youmustpaymeforthis.

Imustbepaidforthis.

Hecanrepairyourwatch.

Yourwatchcanberepaired.

4.短语V的被动语态

一般来讲，只有及物V才有被动语态，因为只有vt才能有动作的承受者;但有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当与及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语V是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的prep或adv.这样的短语有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuesof,etc.

如：Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire--brigadearrived.

Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.

Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere.

Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.

5.有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。.

如：Thegoodssellswell.Thedoorcan''''topen.

6.有些词如want,need,require和beworth后面，v-ing形式为主动，意义为被动。

如：Theroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning.

Thebookisworthreading.

7.主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词it.

如：WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.

It''''sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.

Theteachersaidthatthisbookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages

It''''ssaidthatthisbookhasbeenfranslatedintoseverallanguages

8.宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动，只用主动。

如：Iwilldoitmyself.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.

9.谓语动词是以下时，无被动。

happen,belongto,suit,fit(适合),have,let,join,fall,last（延长）,cost（花费）

breakout（爆发）appear,burstout(迸发)，hold(容纳)，lack（缺乏），agreewith（同意）.

10.据说类动词：say,consider,think,report,know,believe,suggest,understand,hope,etc.

如：Itissaidthat…Thereissaidtobe…Sth./Sb.issaidto…

11.主动形式表被动

①感官动词：sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主语是物时；

②一些vi主动形式表被动含义open,close,shut,read,write,translate,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook,eat,weigh,drink,pay,draw,etc.

③不定式toblame,tolet（出租）作表语时，主动形式表被动含义

④表（sth）需要的need,want,require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义

⑤beworth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义