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九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教科书(JEFC)共收词达1060多个,词组近400条。词汇是构成人类语言大厦的建筑材料,是语言三要素中最重要的、最基本的要素,自然成为中考英语考查的一个重点。笔者随意抽取了96、97两年全国各省市中考英语试题共计35份试卷,作了统计分析,纯词汇考查的题目平均占17.2分,其考查的方式主要有如下几种:单词拼写、词形转换、词语释义、词组英汉互译、单词填空等,本文将分别作以介绍。
一、单词拼写
这种题型重在考查常用词汇的拼写情况,多数省市采用在句子基础上考查在一定上、下文中单词拼写的能力,要求写出该单词时必须考虑它所处的句子环境,采用其正确形式。
1.Ihearyou''''reliving________(高兴)inthenewbuilding.
(’97黑龙江)
该题所空之处系修饰动词living,应用副词形式happily。
2.Septemberisthen_______monthoftheyear.
(’97山西)
此题应填序数词ninth,注意n后不带e。
3.Jackish_______now,becausehedidn''''thavebreakfastthismorning.
(’97山西)
此题须根据后句“因为他今天早上未吃早饭”,才可推断出Jack现在是饿了,因此应填hungry(而不填happy,healthy,helpful,heavy等其它以h开头的形容词)。
4.Keep_______(传)theballtoeachother,andyou''''llbeOK.
(’97黑龙江)
该题应填passing,keep后应接动词的ing形式作宾语。
5.Thisskirtisc_______andtheotherisexpensive.
(’97山东)
该题填cheap。后面的expensive正好与该词相对。
6.—Howmanym________arethereinanhour?—Therearesixty.
(’96陕西)
填minutes。注意要用复数形式minutes,不能用单数形式。
7.Maryh_______oftreesareplantedeveryyearinourcity.
(’96黑龙江)
填hundreds。注意用复数形式,表示“大量、许多”。
8.He_______(清洁)ourclassroomeverymorning.
(’96广东)
填cleans。主语是第三人称单数,一般现在时,动词用-s形式。
9.Theoldhouseiswell_______(保存).
(’97四川)
填kept。被动语态,该句意为“这栋老房子保存得很好。”
10.LiMingisthebeststudentinhisclass.Hecandohishomeworkwithoutanytr_________.
(’96新疆)
填trouble。前半句的介绍对正确选出所填之词很关键。
二、词形转换
词形转换要求写出所给词的某一形式,其趋势也是在句子基础上考查。如:
1.Whoruns_______intheclass?(fast)
(’97北京)
应填fastest。此处是有一比较的范围intheclass,应用副词fast的最高级。
2.Jack''''sfatheroftenmakeshim________(do)hishomeworkforthreehourseveryday.
(’97吉林)
应填do。make作“使、让”讲时,其不定式宾补不带to。
3.Therearealotoftall________(build)inthecity.
(’97吉林)
填buildings。首先根据句子结构考虑要用名词,其次要注意用复数。
4.Theworkerswerewearingthickclothesandglassestokeep________safe.(they)
(’97辽宁)
填themselves。用反身代词表强调。
5.Hegotupatsixthismorningand_______theearlybus.(catch)
(’97河北)
填caught。根据前面的动词got判断此处也应用一般过去时。
6.Look,how_______thebabyis!(health)
(’97内蒙)
填healthy。根据感叹句的结构判断,此处应填形容词。
7.Peoplecan''''t_______withoutwaterorair.(life)
(’96新疆)
填live。情态动词后应用原形动词。
8.June1is_______Day.(child)(’96吉林)
填Children''''s。注意大写和用所有格。
9.—Whichisyourfavouritemonth?—IthinkMayisthe________.(good)(’96云南)
填best。前一句问的是最喜欢的月份,因此要用最高级。
10.Allthepeoplelikethefilmbecauseit''''svery______.(interest)
(’96河南)
填interesting。主语如果指人则应用interested。如:Allthepeopleareinterestedinthefilm.
三、词语释义
这一题型的题目较多地反映在同义词语或相同表达上。如:takecareof/lookafter,haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself,gotobed/gotosleep,begoodat/dowellin,byair/byplane,nolonger/not...anylonger,keepdoingsth./goondoingsth.befullof/befilledwith,worryabout/beworriedabout,feellike(doing)/wouldlike(todo),atonce/rightaway等。例如:
1.Theygoshoppingeveryday.
A.buythingsB.borrowbooks
C.workintheshop(’97北京)
答案A。goshopping还可用gotobuythings/shop(作动词)/paymoneyforthingsinshops/dotheshopping等来解释。
2.Don''''tworry.Yourdaughterwillbeallrightsoon.
A.illB.happyC.wellD.nice(’97广东)
答案C。allright指身体恢复健康。
3."Thankyouverymuch.""Notatall."
A.SorryB.Youarewelcome
C.CertainlyD.Itdoesn''''tmatter
答案B。对感谢的答语还有:That''''sallright./Don''''tmentionit等。
4.Bullisbadlyill.Youhavetosendforthedoctoratonce.
A.lookforthedoctorB.ringthedoctorup
C.writetothedoctor
D.askthedoctortocome
答案选D。sendfor的含义为“派人去叫(请)”。
Youhaveenoughtime.Don''''thurry,please.
A.TakeyourtimeB.Bequick
C.Don''''tbelateD.Doitsoon
(’97山西)
答案A。takeone''''stime意为“不急、慢慢干”。
6.Pleasecallmeifyouarefree.
A.notbusyB.emptyC.easyD.late
(’96广东)
答案A。许多形容词/副词可用“not+其反义词”来解释。如:light/notheavy,dear/notcheap等。
7.MrJackwillgivemeacallsoon.
A.call;outB.call;on
C.ring;upD.give;amessage
(’96广东)
答案C。打电话的词语还有:makeaphonecall/phonesb./callsb.up/givesb.aring等。
8.Thisroadisinthemiddlepartofthetown.
A.northB.centreC.southD.place
(’96天津)
答案B。类似的如:parents/fatherandmother,photo/picture,problem/question,January/thefirstmonthoftheyear,bedroom/roomforsleeping等。
9.Weoftenhearfromourfriends.
A.listentoB.hearof
C.writetoD.getlettersfrom
(’96深圳)
答案选D。再如:havealookat/lookat,gethome/gohome,drinksth./haveadrinkof,goswimming/haveaswim等。
10.—Canyoumendmybike?
—Sorry,Idon''''tthinkso.
A.Ican''''tB.IcanC.youcanD.shecan''''t
答案选A。sorry的功能相当于否定回答的no。
四、单词填空
单词填空在句子或语篇基础上考查在一定语境下拼写单词的能力,单词在具体的上下文中,因此其形式在原形基础上有一定的变化,考查的方式不同,近年来多采用看图填词和(常识性)填空等形式。例如:
A:在下列句子中填上适当的词使句子完整正确。
1.Therearefour______inayear.Theyarespring,summer,autumnandwinter.
(’97河南)
2.AfteralongwalkIgotvery________,soIlaydownandhadarest.
(’97河南)
3.PeopleinEnglanduseMr,MrsorMisswiththe______name.
(’97江西)
4.A:We''''llhavealookatthewoollensweaters.
B:Nohurry!Pleasetakeyour_______!
(’97辽宁)
5.A:Whereismycoat,Mum?
B:I_______itawayforyouthismorning.
(’96吉林)
6.A:MayIuseyourEnglishbook,please?
B:Sure,butplease_________itbacksoon.
(’96吉林)
答案与分析:
1.seasons。下一句说明是“季节”一词,注意要用复数。
2.tired。afteralongwalk...和下文的……hadarest说明不是hungry/thirsty等。
3.family。在姓氏(surname)前用Mr,Mrs,Miss等,不可填given,full等。
4.time。takeone''''stime意为:Nohurry/Don''''thurry。
5.put。put...away意为“收拾起来”。
6.give。有些同学易误填return,return不可与back连用,其后可直接跟归还的东西。如:returnmyEnglishbook。
少数省市还常采用英汉词组互译(’97吉林,’96云南)等形式考查词汇,许多省市采用的动词(时态)填空,补全对话、句型转换、完成句子、综合填空(短)、选择填空中也从不同侧面充分考查了同学们词汇掌握和使用情况,可以说词汇是我们做好各种难度较大的能力性题型的基础。
下面是词汇类试题的类编(均出自96—97全国各省市中考题):
(一)根据句子中所给单词首字母或汉语意思,写出单词。
1.HowmanykindsofflowersarethereinMrSmith''''sg_______?
2.Mum,I''''mh_______.Canyougivemesomethingtoeat?
3."Wouldyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?"theoldwomanaskedp_______.
4.Theradiosaysthebadw________willlastforaboutthreedays.
5.Youmaygototheschooll_______andborrowthebook.
6.Ithink________(九月)isthebestmonthoftheyear.
7.Therearetwo_______(千)studentsinourschool.
8.They________(到达)schoolatsixthismorning.
9.September10this_________(教师)Day.
10.It''''s_______(好)togivethantoreceive.
(二)根据句子意思,用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
11.Horsesand______liketoeatgrass.(sheep)
12.Englishiswidelyusedby_______allovertheworld.(travel)
13.Australianseasonsare________fromChineseseasons.(difference)
14.Herearetenofthe_______names.(run)
15.Summeristhe______seasonoftheyear.(hot)
16.Thewindisblowing_______.(strong)
17.Thebottlefelldowntothegroundand________.(break)
18.Theymustn''''tleavethebabyby________.(she)
19.It''''s______toplayontheroad.Acarmayhityou.(danger)
20.A:Whatdoesyourmotherdo?
B:She''''sa________.(clean)
(三)选出与句子划线部分意思相同或相近的单词或短语。
21.Thegirlwassoweakthatshedidn''''tcatchupwithothers.
A.fellbehindB.triedtohold
C.ranafterD.felloff
22.Grandmaisill.Let''''stakehertohospitalrightaway.
A.atfirstB.ontime
C.rightoutD.atonce
23.Whatwouldyoulike,theredsweatersorthegreensweaters?
A.oneB.theseC.onesD.those
24.Heprefersapplestooranges.
A.likes;thanotherB.doesn''''tlike;somuch
C.likes;asmuchasD.likes;betterthan
25.Ifyoujumpthequeue,otherpeoplewillnotbepleased.
A.stepinaqueueB.standinaline
C.takeyourtimeD.don''''ttakeyourturn
26.HesatnexttomeandhelpedmewithmyEnglish.
A.behindB.betweenC.besideD.notfar
27.Mysuitisbroken.Iwanttobuyanewone.
A.wearsB.woreoutC.wornoutD.wore
28.HegottoShanghailastweek.
A.arrivedtoB.arrivedin
C.wenttoD.reachedin
29.Maryiswearingareddresstoday.
A.onB.inC.puttingonD.having
30.—Shallwegototheisland?
—Allright.Let''''sgotherethen.
A.NoB.OKC.WhatD.Sorry
Key:
(一)1.garden2.hungry3.politely4.weather5.library6.September7.thousand8.reached9.Teacher''''s10.better
(二)11.sheep12.travellers13.different14.runners''''15.hottest16.strongly17.broke18.herself19.dangerous20.cleaner
(三)21.A22.D23.C24.D25.D26.C27.B28.B29.B30.B